优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Two hours after birth, the nurse finds the uterus firm but above the umbilicus and pushed to the right. What should the nurse do first?
During JumpSTART triage, a child is not breathing after the airway is opened but has a palpable pulse. What is the next step?
A patient has patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). A family member presses the button while the patient sleeps. What should the nurse explain?
下列哪组病原体与其基于传播途径的预防措施的搭配是正确的?
A patient has a hot, swollen big toe. The serum uric acid is normal. Which statement is correct?
A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?
病房中一名患者在首剂 β 受体阻滞剂后出现喘鸣和气短。哪种病史最可能导致这种情况?
一名气管切开患者突然无法呼吸,套管似乎堵塞。第一步该做什么?
预充式注射器中的依诺肝素应如何皮下注射?
A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion has a nosebleed that will not stop, and the aPTT is far above the target range. What is the most appropriate action?
关于静脉给予苯妥英,下列哪项说法正确?
一次癫痫发作已持续 12 分钟。已给予两剂苯二氮䓬类药物,发作仍在继续。气道和氧气已处理。常用方案的下一步是什么?
How should a patient use an incentive spirometer after surgery?
A patient took a large paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose 6 hours ago and says they feel completely well. Which statement is correct?
答案: B · Help the patient empty her bladder
A uterus that is high and displaced to one side usually means a full bladder. A full bladder stops the uterus contracting well, so the nurse helps the patient void and reassesses.
答案: C · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
In JumpSTART, an apneic child with a pulse gets five rescue breaths, because the cause is often respiratory. If breathing starts the child is immediate (red); if not, the child is expectant.
答案: A · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
PCA is safe because a patient who becomes drowsy stops pressing the button. When others press it (“PCA by proxy”), sedation and respiratory depression can occur.
答案: C · 腮腺炎——飞沫传播预防
腮腺炎通过呼吸道飞沫传播,因此采用飞沫传播预防。麻疹为空气传播,C. difficile 需要接触传播预防,流感需要飞沫传播预防。
答案: B · Gout is still possible, as urate can be normal in an attack
Serum urate can be normal or even low during an acute gout attack. The definitive test is joint aspiration showing needle-shaped urate crystals, which also helps rule out septic arthritis.核对依据: Gout · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Synovial Fluid Analysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.核对依据: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Cortisol Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · 哮喘
非选择性甚至心脏选择性 β 受体阻滞剂都可能引起支气管痉挛,因此哮喘患者通常应避免使用。
答案: B · 取出内套管,检查是否堵塞
按急救流程,首先取出内套管、尝试吸痰并呼救。若无效,下一步包括放气囊和更换套管。
答案: A · 注射到腹部,保留气泡,注射后不揉按
预充式低分子量肝素注射器内含有气泡,通常保留气泡以保证给予完整剂量。注射到腹部(远离脐部)的皮肤皱褶处、轮换注射部位、注射后不揉按,可减少瘀斑和血肿。
答案: C · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
With bleeding and a high aPTT, the heparin infusion is stopped at once and the prescriber informed. Because heparin's effect wears off within hours, stopping is often enough, but protamine sulfate can reverse it. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.
答案: A · 用 0.9% 氯化钠稀释,并进行心电监护
苯妥英在含葡萄糖的溶液中会沉淀,应使用 0.9% 氯化钠,通常通过输液管路过滤器给药。输注过快可引起低血压、心动过缓和心律失常,因此要限制速度并监测心电图和血压。
答案: B · 二线静脉药物,如左乙拉西坦或苯妥英
给予两剂苯二氮䓬类药物后仍持续的癫痫持续状态(确定性持续状态)用二线静脉药物治疗。如果仍然持续(难治性持续状态),则需要在重症监护中进行麻醉和插管。全程继续监测血糖、气道和各项指标。重复使用苯二氮䓬类药物会增加呼吸抑制,而没有多少额外益处。
答案: A · Breathe in slowly and deeply, then hold briefly
Slow, deep inspiration with a short hold expands the alveoli and helps prevent atelectasis. It is repeated regularly while awake, together with coughing and good pain control.
答案: D · Liver damage may still develop, and appears only days later
Early after paracetamol overdose, patients often have no or few symptoms, but liver injury peaks after about 3–4 days. Treatment with acetylcysteine is guided by timed paracetamol levels and the history.
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