NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”,即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

Two hours after birth, the nurse finds the uterus firm but above the umbilicus and pushed to the right. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive a dose of oxytocin straight away
  2. BHelp the patient empty her bladder
  3. CAsk the patient to lie still for another hour
  4. DMassage the uterus firmly for ten minutes
2.优先排序与委派困难

During JumpSTART triage, a child is not breathing after the airway is opened but has a palpable pulse. What is the next step?

  1. ATag the child green and return to them after the others
  2. BTag the child black at once and move on to the next victim
  3. CGive five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
  4. DStart full CPR on the child and stay with them until more help arrives
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient has patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). A family member presses the button while the patient sleeps. What should the nurse explain?

  1. AOnly the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
  2. BFamily can press it as long as they count the presses
  3. CPressing it while the patient sleeps prevents the pain from getting worse later
  4. DThe pump will always stop any overdose
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

下列哪组病原体与其基于传播途径的预防措施的搭配是正确的?

  1. AC. difficile——空气传播预防
  2. B流感——仅空气传播预防
  3. C腮腺炎——飞沫传播预防
  4. D麻疹——仅接触传播预防
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient has a hot, swollen big toe. The serum uric acid is normal. Which statement is correct?

  1. AGout can only be diagnosed with a CT scan of the foot
  2. BGout is still possible, as urate can be normal in an attack
  3. CGout is ruled out, as uric acid is always high in an attack
  4. DGout is certain, as a normal urate proves the diagnosis
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?

  1. ALow cortisol with a low ACTH
  2. BHigh cortisol with a high ACTH
  3. CHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
  4. DLow cortisol with a high ACTH
7.临床护理中等

病房中一名患者在首剂 β 受体阻滞剂后出现喘鸣和气短。哪种病史最可能导致这种情况?

  1. A哮喘
  2. B甲状腺功能减退
  3. C骨关节炎
  4. D偏头痛
8.临床护理困难

一名气管切开患者突然无法呼吸,套管似乎堵塞。第一步该做什么?

  1. A等医生来再做任何处理
  2. B取出内套管,检查是否堵塞
  3. C只经口给氧
  4. D抽空气囊后离开患者
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

预充式注射器中的依诺肝素应如何皮下注射?

  1. A注射到腹部,保留气泡,注射后不揉按
  2. B先排出气泡,再注射到三角肌
  3. C每天注射到腹部同一部位,随后按摩
  4. D通过套管快速静脉推注
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion has a nosebleed that will not stop, and the aPTT is far above the target range. What is the most appropriate action?

  1. AGive vitamin K and continue the infusion at a slightly lower rate
  2. BIncrease the infusion, as the aPTT will settle
  3. CStop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
  4. DContinue the infusion at the same rate and pack the nose firmly
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

关于静脉给予苯妥英,下列哪项说法正确?

  1. A用 0.9% 氯化钠稀释,并进行心电监护
  2. B应在几秒钟内快速推注
  3. C不需要监测心律或血压
  4. D可以混入任何葡萄糖输液中
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一次癫痫发作已持续 12 分钟。已给予两剂苯二氮䓬类药物,发作仍在继续。气道和氧气已处理。常用方案的下一步是什么?

  1. A患者能吞咽后给予口服抗癫痫药片
  2. B二线静脉药物,如左乙拉西坦或苯妥英
  3. C每两分钟给第三、第四剂苯二氮䓬类药物
  4. D再等 30 分钟看发作是否停止
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

How should a patient use an incentive spirometer after surgery?

  1. ABreathe in slowly and deeply, then hold briefly
  2. BUse it once a day, just before going to sleep at night
  3. CBlow out as hard and as fast as possible
  4. DBreathe quickly in and out ten times in a row
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient took a large paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose 6 hours ago and says they feel completely well. Which statement is correct?

  1. ATreatment is not needed if the patient has not vomited
  2. BLiver damage after paracetamol occurs only within the first hour or so
  3. CFeeling well means the dose was too small to cause harm
  4. DLiver damage may still develop, and appears only days later

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Help the patient empty her bladder

为什么是这个答案

A uterus that is high and displaced to one side usually means a full bladder. A full bladder stops the uterus contracting well, so the nurse helps the patient void and reassesses.

答案

B · Help the patient empty her bladder
2.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red

为什么是这个答案

In JumpSTART, an apneic child with a pulse gets five rescue breaths, because the cause is often respiratory. If breathing starts the child is immediate (red); if not, the child is expectant.

答案

C · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe

为什么是这个答案

PCA is safe because a patient who becomes drowsy stops pressing the button. When others press it (“PCA by proxy”), sedation and respiratory depression can occur.

答案

A · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · 腮腺炎——飞沫传播预防

为什么是这个答案

腮腺炎通过呼吸道飞沫传播,因此采用飞沫传播预防。麻疹为空气传播,C. difficile 需要接触传播预防,流感需要飞沫传播预防。

答案

C · 腮腺炎——飞沫传播预防
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Gout is still possible, as urate can be normal in an attack

为什么是这个答案

Serum urate can be normal or even low during an acute gout attack. The definitive test is joint aspiration showing needle-shaped urate crystals, which also helps rule out septic arthritis.核对依据: Gout · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Synovial Fluid Analysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

B · Gout is still possible, as urate can be normal in an attack
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Low cortisol with a high ACTH

为什么是这个答案

In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.核对依据: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Cortisol Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

D · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
7.临床护理

答案: A · 哮喘

为什么是这个答案

非选择性甚至心脏选择性 β 受体阻滞剂都可能引起支气管痉挛,因此哮喘患者通常应避免使用。

答案

A · 哮喘
8.临床护理

答案: B · 取出内套管,检查是否堵塞

为什么是这个答案

按急救流程,首先取出内套管、尝试吸痰并呼救。若无效,下一步包括放气囊和更换套管。

答案

B · 取出内套管,检查是否堵塞
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · 注射到腹部,保留气泡,注射后不揉按

为什么是这个答案

预充式低分子量肝素注射器内含有气泡,通常保留气泡以保证给予完整剂量。注射到腹部(远离脐部)的皮肤皱褶处、轮换注射部位、注射后不揉按,可减少瘀斑和血肿。

答案

A · 注射到腹部,保留气泡,注射后不揉按
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine

为什么是这个答案

With bleeding and a high aPTT, the heparin infusion is stopped at once and the prescriber informed. Because heparin's effect wears off within hours, stopping is often enough, but protamine sulfate can reverse it. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.

答案

C · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 用 0.9% 氯化钠稀释,并进行心电监护

为什么是这个答案

苯妥英在含葡萄糖的溶液中会沉淀,应使用 0.9% 氯化钠,通常通过输液管路过滤器给药。输注过快可引起低血压、心动过缓和心律失常,因此要限制速度并监测心电图和血压。

答案

A · 用 0.9% 氯化钠稀释,并进行心电监护
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 二线静脉药物,如左乙拉西坦或苯妥英

为什么是这个答案

给予两剂苯二氮䓬类药物后仍持续的癫痫持续状态(确定性持续状态)用二线静脉药物治疗。如果仍然持续(难治性持续状态),则需要在重症监护中进行麻醉和插管。全程继续监测血糖、气道和各项指标。重复使用苯二氮䓬类药物会增加呼吸抑制,而没有多少额外益处。

答案

B · 二线静脉药物,如左乙拉西坦或苯妥英
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Breathe in slowly and deeply, then hold briefly

为什么是这个答案

Slow, deep inspiration with a short hold expands the alveoli and helps prevent atelectasis. It is repeated regularly while awake, together with coughing and good pain control.

答案

A · Breathe in slowly and deeply, then hold briefly
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Liver damage may still develop, and appears only days later

为什么是这个答案

Early after paracetamol overdose, patients often have no or few symptoms, but liver injury peaks after about 3–4 days. Treatment with acetylcysteine is guided by timed paracetamol levels and the history.

答案

D · Liver damage may still develop, and appears only days later

本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-style-prioritization-and-delegation