优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名成年患者在活动室进食时,突然双手抓住喉咙,无法说话、呼吸或咳嗽。护士应首先做什么?
护士应首先看哪名儿童?
A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?
A patient with fever and a spreading rash is suspected of having smallpox. Which precautions are needed?
A patient with hyperkalemia is prescribed an oral potassium binder such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. How does this drug lower potassium?
一名患者的钾几个月来一直是 3.4–3.6 mEq/L,今天的一次结果是 5.4 mEq/L。患者感觉良好,心电图正常。最好的下一步是什么?
输血开始几分钟内出现哪些表现提示输血反应?
A patient with back pain develops numbness around the anus and genitals and new difficulty passing urine. Which condition should be suspected?
Which foot care advice is correct for a patient with peripheral arterial disease?
经股动脉 PCI 术后四小时,腹股沟敷料被血浸透,一个质硬的肿块正在增大。应立即采取什么措施?
关于高渗高血糖状态(HHS),下列哪项说法正确?
一名服用丙戊酸盐的癫痫女性说她正计划怀孕。哪种回应最恰当?
小肠梗阻和大肠梗阻的主要临床区别是什么?
Four patients are on a gastroenterology ward. Which should the nurse see first?
答案: D · 呼救,并进行拍背和腹部冲击
不能说话、呼吸或咳嗽的成人存在严重的气道梗阻。欧洲复苏委员会等复苏指南建议拍背最多 5 次,然后腹部冲击最多 5 次,重复直至异物排出;有些指南则从腹部冲击开始。如果患者失去反应,则开始心肺复苏。盲目用手指掏取可能把异物推得更深。
答案: A · 一名 RSV 感染的婴儿,有鼻翼扇动、胸壁凹陷和 89% 的 SpO₂
鼻翼扇动、凹陷和低 SpO₂ 显示呼吸窘迫,婴儿可能迅速恶化。正在玩耍的发热儿童、口渴的儿童以及峰流速接近正常的青少年都是稳定的。
答案: B · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答案: D · Airborne and contact precautions
Smallpox spreads by respiratory particles and by contact with lesions or contaminated items, so airborne and contact precautions are used. Only immunized staff should provide care where possible.
答案: B · It binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
Potassium binders exchange potassium in the gut for another ion, so potassium is removed from the body in the stool. They act over hours, so they are not used alone for emergencies; calcium protects the heart, and insulin with glucose shifts potassium into cells quickly.核对依据: High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · 检查样本是如何采集的,评估患者并重复检测
突然孤立的升高可能是真实的变化,例如由新药或肾损伤引起,也可能是样本问题,如溶血或处理前延迟。护士应评估患者,通知医疗人员并安排重复检测。核对依据: Hyperkalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: D · 发热、寒战、背痛和低血压
急性溶血性或发热性反应可引起发热、寒战、腰背痛、气促和低血压。应立即停止输血并呼救。
答案: B · Cauda equina syndrome
Saddle anaesthesia, bladder or bowel dysfunction and leg symptoms with back pain suggest cauda equina syndrome. It needs an emergency MRI and surgical review to prevent permanent loss of function.
答案: B · Check the feet daily and wear well-fitting shoes
Reduced blood flow slows healing, so minor injuries can become ulcers or gangrene. Patients inspect their feet daily, keep them clean and moisturised, wear well-fitting footwear and see a podiatrist for nails and corns. Direct heat can burn ischaemic skin.
答案: A · 在穿刺点上方用力按压并呼救
动脉穿刺部位出血或血肿是常见的并发症,抗血小板和抗凝药会使其加重。第一步是让患者平卧,在皮肤穿刺点上方(动脉穿刺点上方)用手用力按压,同时监测生命体征和远端脉搏并上报。腹膜后出血可能隐匿,应注意背痛和低血压。
答案: A · 主要影响老年 2 型糖尿病患者,数天内发展
HHS 在数天内发展,常由感染诱发,表现为极度高血糖、极高渗透压和严重脱水,常伴意识混乱。体内的胰岛素足以防止明显的酮症。死亡率高于 DKA,血栓形成的风险也很高。
答案: D · 建议不要突然停药,并尽快进行专科评估
丙戊酸盐具有高度致畸性(神经管缺陷和神经发育问题),在可能怀孕者中的使用受到严格限制。然而,突然停用抗癫痫药物有发生癫痫持续状态的风险。需要紧急的专科评估以规划更安全的替代方案,并补充叶酸。
答案: A · 小肠:呕吐早,腹胀较轻;大肠:呕吐晚,腹胀明显
在近端小肠梗阻中,呕吐出现早且明显,腹胀较轻。在大肠梗阻中,腹胀明显,便秘出现早,呕吐较晚(可为粪样)。影像学检查可确认梗阻的水平和原因。
答案: D · A patient with cirrhosis who is newly confused and drowsy
New confusion and drowsiness in cirrhosis may be hepatic encephalopathy with a precipitant such as bleeding or infection, and the airway may be at risk. The others are stable.
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