优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient is receiving continuous tube feeds. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?
A patient opens their eyes only to pain, uses inappropriate words and withdraws from pain. What is the Glasgow Coma Scale score?
一名护士被已知感染 HIV 的患者用过的针头刺伤。为什么必须立即上报?
一名患者正在持续输注高警示药物。交接班时,哪种做法最安全?
Which technique is recommended for a capillary blood glucose test on an adult's finger?
A patient receiving chemotherapy has a white cell count of 1.8 × 10³/µL with 20% neutrophils and 5% bands. What is the absolute neutrophil count (ANC)?
一名化疗后中性粒细胞减少的患者体温为 38.3 °C。首要措施是什么?
Which action is most important in protecting a patient with severe neutropenia from infection?
为什么缺血性心脏病患者不应突然停用 β 受体阻滞剂?
After a faulty gas heater was found at home, a patient has headache, nausea and confusion. SpO₂ is 99% on air. What is the priority treatment?
A kidney transplant recipient asks about travel vaccines. Which statement is correct?
卒中阿替普酶输注期间,患者出现剧烈头痛、呕吐和 GCS 下降。护士首先应做什么?
A patient had an upper GI endoscopy with a local anaesthetic throat spray. What must the nurse check before giving a drink?
A worker has a hydrofluoric acid burn on the hand and severe pain. After irrigation with water, which specific treatment is commonly applied?
答案: B · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
Raising the head of the bed to at least 30 degrees during and after feeding lowers the risk of reflux and aspiration. Lying flat greatly increases the risk.
答案: A · 9
Eyes open to pain scores 2, inappropriate words score 3 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 9. A score of 8 or less often means the patient cannot protect their airway.
答案: D · 暴露后预防用药在数小时内开始效果最好
用肥皂和水清洗伤口后,护士应立即上报,以便评估暴露情况。HIV 暴露后预防应尽快开始,最好在数小时内,最晚不超过 72 小时。
答案: A · 两名护士对照处方共同核对输注泵和药袋
交接班时在床边核对,沿管路从药袋追溯到患者,并对照处方核对药物、浓度、剂量和速率,可及早发现编程错误。
答案: C · Prick the side of the fingertip
The sides of the fingertips are less sensitive than the pads, so they are used for capillary sampling. Rotating sites reduces soreness, and hard squeezing can add tissue fluid that gives inaccurate results.
答案: C · 450/µL
ANC = 1,800 × (0.20 + 0.05) = 450/µL. A value below 500/µL is severe neutropenia with a high risk of serious infection, so neutropenic precautions and early reporting of fever are essential.核对依据: Blood Differential · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · 按中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,紧急静脉使用抗生素
中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症是肿瘤急症。应在一小时内静脉给予广谱抗生素,无须等待检查结果。
答案: B · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
Hand hygiene is the single most effective measure to protect neutropenic patients. Rectal procedures and IM injections are avoided because they can cause mucosal or tissue injury and bleeding.
答案: D · 反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死
长期 β 受体阻滞会使 β 受体的数量增多、敏感性增强。突然停药使它们暴露于正常水平的肾上腺素,可引起反跳性心动过速、高血压和心肌缺血。应逐渐减量。
答案: D · High-concentration oxygen via a non-rebreather mask
Carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin far more strongly than oxygen, causing tissue hypoxia, while pulse oximetry can look normal. High-concentration oxygen speeds CO removal. Carboxyhaemoglobin is measured on a blood gas, and others in the home may also be at risk.
答案: D · Live vaccines are usually avoided
Live vaccines, such as yellow fever, can cause infection in immunosuppressed patients and are usually avoided. Inactivated vaccines, such as influenza, are recommended, although the response may be weaker.
答案: D · 停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队
溶栓期间或之后新出现的头痛、呕吐、高血压或神经功能恶化,可能提示症状性颅内出血。应停止输注,安排紧急医疗评估,并预期紧急 CT 扫描和凝血检查。
答案: A · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
Throat spray numbs the pharynx, so drinking too early risks aspiration. Fluids are given once the gag reflex and swallowing have returned, usually after about an hour, starting with sips of water.
答案: D · Calcium gluconate gel
Hydrofluoric acid penetrates deeply and binds calcium and magnesium, causing severe pain and possible life-threatening hypocalcaemia. Calcium gluconate gel binds fluoride; serum calcium and heart rhythm are monitored in larger exposures.
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