NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

A patient is receiving continuous tube feeds. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?

  1. ATurn the feed off only while the patient is asleep at night
  2. BKeep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
  3. CIncrease the feed rate so the stomach empties sooner
  4. DLay the patient flat for an hour after each bag is hung
2.优先排序与委派困难

A patient opens their eyes only to pain, uses inappropriate words and withdraws from pain. What is the Glasgow Coma Scale score?

  1. A9
  2. B11
  3. C7
  4. D13
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

一名护士被已知感染 HIV 的患者用过的针头刺伤。为什么必须立即上报?

  1. A只有伤口出血或较深时才需要上报
  2. B只有静脉注射针头造成的损伤才需要上报
  3. C一个月内任何时候上报都不会改变风险
  4. D暴露后预防用药在数小时内开始效果最好
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

一名患者正在持续输注高警示药物。交接班时,哪种做法最安全?

  1. A两名护士对照处方共同核对输注泵和药袋
  2. B交班护士在护士站说“泵没问题”
  3. C只检查速率,不检查药物或浓度
  4. D接班护士在本班结束时检查
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

Which technique is recommended for a capillary blood glucose test on an adult's finger?

  1. APrick the center of the fingertip
  2. BUse the same finger every time
  3. CPrick the side of the fingertip
  4. DSqueeze the finger very hard
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient receiving chemotherapy has a white cell count of 1.8 × 10³/µL with 20% neutrophils and 5% bands. What is the absolute neutrophil count (ANC)?

  1. A360/µL
  2. B1,800/µL
  3. C450/µL
  4. D4,500/µL
7.临床护理中等

一名化疗后中性粒细胞减少的患者体温为 38.3 °C。首要措施是什么?

  1. A鼓励患者出去散步
  2. B按中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,紧急静脉使用抗生素
  3. C等 24 小时看发热是否消退
  4. D只给对乙酰氨基酚,明天再次复查体温
8.临床护理困难

Which action is most important in protecting a patient with severe neutropenia from infection?

  1. AGiving routine intramuscular injections
  2. BStrict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
  3. CTaking rectal temperatures regularly
  4. DKeeping fresh flowers and plants in the room to help the patient's mood
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

为什么缺血性心脏病患者不应突然停用 β 受体阻滞剂?

  1. A药物会在组织中储存数月
  2. B突然停药会引起严重而持久的低血糖
  3. C停药后心率会永久性变慢
  4. D反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

After a faulty gas heater was found at home, a patient has headache, nausea and confusion. SpO₂ is 99% on air. What is the priority treatment?

  1. AParacetamol (acetaminophen) and observation only
  2. BOxygen at 1 L/min via nasal cannula
  3. CReassurance, because the oxygen saturation is normal
  4. DHigh-concentration oxygen via a non-rebreather mask
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A kidney transplant recipient asks about travel vaccines. Which statement is correct?

  1. AOnly live vaccines are effective after a transplant
  2. BAll vaccines are completely safe after a transplant
  3. CVaccines will cause the kidney to be rejected
  4. DLive vaccines are usually avoided
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

卒中阿替普酶输注期间,患者出现剧烈头痛、呕吐和 GCS 下降。护士首先应做什么?

  1. A给止吐药,一小时后复查 GCS
  2. B加快输注速度,使其更快完成
  3. C给镇静剂使患者安静下来并继续输注
  4. D停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

A patient had an upper GI endoscopy with a local anaesthetic throat spray. What must the nurse check before giving a drink?

  1. AThat swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
  2. BThat bowel sounds are present in all four quadrants
  3. CThat the patient has passed urine since the procedure
  4. DThat the patient's blood glucose is above normal
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A worker has a hydrofluoric acid burn on the hand and severe pain. After irrigation with water, which specific treatment is commonly applied?

  1. AIce cubes wrapped in a cloth
  2. BSodium bicarbonate paste
  3. CSilver sulfadiazine cream
  4. DCalcium gluconate gel

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees

为什么是这个答案

Raising the head of the bed to at least 30 degrees during and after feeding lowers the risk of reflux and aspiration. Lying flat greatly increases the risk.

答案

B · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
2.优先排序与委派

答案: A · 9

为什么是这个答案

Eyes open to pain scores 2, inappropriate words score 3 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 9. A score of 8 or less often means the patient cannot protect their airway.

答案

A · 9
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · 暴露后预防用药在数小时内开始效果最好

为什么是这个答案

用肥皂和水清洗伤口后,护士应立即上报,以便评估暴露情况。HIV 暴露后预防应尽快开始,最好在数小时内,最晚不超过 72 小时。

答案

D · 暴露后预防用药在数小时内开始效果最好
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · 两名护士对照处方共同核对输注泵和药袋

为什么是这个答案

交接班时在床边核对,沿管路从药袋追溯到患者,并对照处方核对药物、浓度、剂量和速率,可及早发现编程错误。

答案

A · 两名护士对照处方共同核对输注泵和药袋
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Prick the side of the fingertip

为什么是这个答案

The sides of the fingertips are less sensitive than the pads, so they are used for capillary sampling. Rotating sites reduces soreness, and hard squeezing can add tissue fluid that gives inaccurate results.

答案

C · Prick the side of the fingertip
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · 450/µL

为什么是这个答案

ANC = 1,800 × (0.20 + 0.05) = 450/µL. A value below 500/µL is severe neutropenia with a high risk of serious infection, so neutropenic precautions and early reporting of fever are essential.核对依据: Blood Differential · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

C · 450/µL
7.临床护理

答案: B · 按中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,紧急静脉使用抗生素

为什么是这个答案

中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症是肿瘤急症。应在一小时内静脉给予广谱抗生素,无须等待检查结果。

答案

B · 按中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,紧急静脉使用抗生素
8.临床护理

答案: B · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient

为什么是这个答案

Hand hygiene is the single most effective measure to protect neutropenic patients. Rectal procedures and IM injections are avoided because they can cause mucosal or tissue injury and bleeding.

答案

B · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · 反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死

为什么是这个答案

长期 β 受体阻滞会使 β 受体的数量增多、敏感性增强。突然停药使它们暴露于正常水平的肾上腺素,可引起反跳性心动过速、高血压和心肌缺血。应逐渐减量。

答案

D · 反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · High-concentration oxygen via a non-rebreather mask

为什么是这个答案

Carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin far more strongly than oxygen, causing tissue hypoxia, while pulse oximetry can look normal. High-concentration oxygen speeds CO removal. Carboxyhaemoglobin is measured on a blood gas, and others in the home may also be at risk.

答案

D · High-concentration oxygen via a non-rebreather mask
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Live vaccines are usually avoided

为什么是这个答案

Live vaccines, such as yellow fever, can cause infection in immunosuppressed patients and are usually avoided. Inactivated vaccines, such as influenza, are recommended, although the response may be weaker.

答案

D · Live vaccines are usually avoided
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · 停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队

为什么是这个答案

溶栓期间或之后新出现的头痛、呕吐、高血压或神经功能恶化,可能提示症状性颅内出血。应停止输注,安排紧急医疗评估,并预期紧急 CT 扫描和凝血检查。

答案

D · 停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned

为什么是这个答案

Throat spray numbs the pharynx, so drinking too early risks aspiration. Fluids are given once the gag reflex and swallowing have returned, usually after about an hour, starting with sips of water.

答案

A · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Calcium gluconate gel

为什么是这个答案

Hydrofluoric acid penetrates deeply and binds calcium and magnesium, causing severe pain and possible life-threatening hypocalcaemia. Calcium gluconate gel binds fluoride; serum calcium and heart rhythm are monitored in larger exposures.

答案

D · Calcium gluconate gel

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