优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名护理助理汇报了四位患者的情况。哪项汇报需要护士首先关注?
An older adult with type 2 diabetes is confused and very dehydrated. The glucose is 900 mg/dL (50 mmol/L), and blood and urine show no significant ketones. What is the most likely problem?
A patient with poorly controlled seizures asks about activities at home. Which advice is most important?
在无菌技术下插导尿管时,导尿管尖端碰到了患者的大腿。护士应怎么做?
为什么慢性肾脏病患者常有贫血?
A patient with a round face, central weight gain and purple stretch marks has a glucose of 210 mg/dL (11.7 mmol/L) and a potassium of 3.1 mEq/L. Which condition fits best?
How does CPAP help a patient with obstructive sleep apnoea?
A patient with a COPD exacerbation remains acidotic with a high PaCO2 despite optimal medical treatment and controlled oxygen. Which treatment is usually considered next?
Which finding shows that long-standing hypertension has caused target organ damage?
A patient with lung cancer develops swelling of the face and arms, distended neck and chest veins and breathlessness that is worse when bending forward. What is the most likely cause?
A patient on insulin asks about drinking alcohol. Which advice is correct?
A patient with polycystic kidney disease suddenly has the worst headache of their life and neck stiffness. What should the nurse suspect?
哪些措施有助于预防高危患者发生肿瘤溶解综合征?
髋部手术后第 3 天,一名老年患者急性意识混乱,注意力波动并躁动。护士首先应做什么?
答案: B · 一名腹部手术后一天的患者新出现烦躁不安,心率 124 次/分
手术后新出现的烦躁不安伴心率快可能意味着出血、脓毒症或缺氧。对这名 COPD 患者,SpO₂ 90% 是预期的,6 小时 300 mL(50 mL/h)是足够的尿量。
答案: C · Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state occurs mainly in type 2 diabetes, with extreme glucose, severe dehydration and little or no ketosis. Treatment starts with IV fluids, as in DKA.
答案: C · Never swim or bathe alone
People with uncontrolled seizures are advised not to swim alone, to shower rather than bathe and to follow local laws on driving. Most normal activities can continue with sensible precautions.
答案: D · 丢弃该导尿管,换用新的无菌导尿管
无菌物品一旦接触非无菌表面就被污染,必须更换。插入被污染的导尿管会把细菌带入膀胱,增加尿路感染的风险。
答案: B · 肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,而它驱动红细胞的生成
患病的肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,因此骨髓生成的红细胞减少。治疗可包括促红细胞生成药物和铁剂。核对依据: Anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Erythropoietin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · Cushing syndrome
Excess cortisol raises glucose, causes central obesity, a round face and purple striae, and has some mineralocorticoid effect that lowers potassium. Adrenal insufficiency causes low glucose and high potassium.核对依据: Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025); Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: C · It keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
Continuous positive airway pressure acts as a splint for the upper airway, preventing collapse and apnoeas. Patients should bring their CPAP machine into hospital.
答案: A · Non-invasive ventilation
In hypercapnic respiratory failure from COPD that persists despite treatment, non-invasive ventilation (bilevel positive pressure) supports ventilation and lowers PaCO2. Stopping oxygen would cause dangerous hypoxia.
答案: C · Left ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG
Target organ damage from hypertension includes left ventricular hypertrophy, retinopathy, chronic kidney disease with proteinuria, and stroke. Its presence changes treatment urgency and targets.
答案: C · Superior vena cava obstruction
A tumour in the mediastinum can compress the superior vena cava, causing swelling of the face, neck and arms, dilated veins on the chest and breathlessness. It is an oncological emergency. The patient is sat upright and given oxygen if hypoxic, and treatment may include a stent, steroids or radiotherapy.
答案: B · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
Alcohol reduces the liver's release of glucose, so it increases the risk of hypoglycaemia, which may be delayed for many hours. Patients should eat carbohydrate, check glucose before bed and tell friends that a hypo can look like drunkenness.
答案: C · A subarachnoid haemorrhage from a brain aneurysm
Adult polycystic kidney disease is associated with berry aneurysms. A sudden thunderclap headache suggests subarachnoid haemorrhage and needs emergency assessment and CT imaging.
答案: C · 静脉水化加别嘌醇或拉布立酶
预防措施包括积极水化以维持高尿量,使用别嘌醇(减少尿酸生成)或拉布立酶(分解尿酸),并密切监测电解质、肾功能和尿量。
答案: A · 寻找低氧、感染、疼痛或药物等原因,并上报
急性意识混乱伴注意力波动提示谵妄。它是一种医疗急症,可能有许多原因,如低氧、脓毒症、疼痛、药物(包括阿片类和抗胆碱能药物)、尿潴留、便秘、脱水和电解质问题。应治疗病因,采用非药物措施,镇静仅作为最后手段。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-style-prioritization-and-delegation