优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient taking clozapine reports a sore throat and fever. What is the priority action?
在急诊科,哪位患者应直接进入治疗室?
Which measure reduces errors caused by interruptions during medication preparation?
A patient has a rash, and both smallpox and chickenpox are considered. Which finding suggests smallpox?
A patient with diabetes also takes propranolol. Why is regular glucose monitoring especially important?
一名钠为 132 mEq/L、血糖为 600 mg/dL(33.3 mmol/L)的患者入院。为什么要谨慎解读钠的数值?
Which type of painkiller should a patient with liver cirrhosis usually avoid?
A patient with diabetes is found confused with slurred speech and weakness on one side. What should the nurse check first?
一名患者心房颤动已超过 48 小时,并已安排择期电复律。为什么事先需要抗凝?
一名患者的胸腔引流管被意外拔出。应立即采取什么措施?
一名服用格列齐特(一种磺脲类药物)的患者因低血糖入院。为什么需要延长监测时间?
一名因颈椎骨折佩戴 halo 背心的患者发生心脏骤停。必须立即备好什么?
什么是肿瘤溶解综合征?
On day 3 after surgery, a patient has a temperature of 38.6 °C, respiratory rate 24/min, pulse 118/min, BP 92/58 mmHg and new confusion. What should the nurse do?
答案: D · Hold the dose and report so the white cell count can be checked
Clozapine can cause agranulocytosis. A sore throat or fever may be the first sign of infection, so the nurse reports it and the neutrophil count is checked before more doses are given.
答案: C · 一名 60 岁患者,胸部压迫感、出汗和恶心已 20 分钟
胸部压迫感伴出汗和恶心可能是心脏病发作,因此患者需要在数分钟内做心电图。其他患者是稳定的,可以安全地等待。
答案: D · A quiet “no interruption” zone or signal while preparing medications
Interruptions during medication preparation are linked to more errors. Many units use quiet zones, vests or signs to show that the nurse should not be interrupted.
答案: B · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
In smallpox, lesions develop at the same stage in any one area and are densest on the face and extremities. In chickenpox, crops appear at different stages and are densest on the trunk.
答案: A · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
Beta-blockers, especially nonselective ones, blunt adrenergic warning signs of hypoglycemia such as tremor and tachycardia, and they can delay recovery. Sweating usually remains. Glucose checks help detect lows that the patient may not feel.
答案: D · 高血糖把水吸入血液,稀释了钠
高血糖把水从细胞吸入血液,使测得的钠降低。随着血糖得到治疗,钠通常会升高。常用的校正方法是,血糖每高于 100 mg/dL 的 100 mg/dL,增加约 1.6–2.4 mEq/L 的钠。
答案: A · Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen
NSAIDs increase the risk of GI bleeding and can trigger kidney failure and fluid retention in cirrhosis. Paracetamol is usually preferred at a lower, carefully chosen dose.
答案: B · Capillary blood glucose
Hypoglycaemia can cause focal neurological signs that mimic stroke. A bedside glucose check is quick and should be done in any patient with sudden neurological symptoms.
答案: B · 恢复窦性心律时,心房内的血栓可能脱落
心房颤动超过 48 小时后,心房内可能存在血栓。恢复有序收缩可将其排出而引起卒中。患者通常在复律前至少抗凝三周(或经食管超声排除血栓),复律后至少抗凝四周。
答案: D · 用无菌密闭敷料封闭伤口并呼救
应立即用无菌密闭敷料覆盖伤口,以防空气进入胸腔。评估患者有无气胸复发或张力性气胸(呼吸困难加重、饱和度下降、心动过速、气管移位),并通知医疗团队。绝不能重新插入引流管。
答案: D · 该药作用持续多个小时,低血糖可能再次出现
磺脲类药物刺激胰腺释放胰岛素,作用持续时间长,在老年人和肾功能受损者中尤其如此。初始治疗后低血糖可能复发,因此需要延长血糖监测时间。
答案: C · 用于打开背心前部以便进行心肺复苏的工具
用于松开背心前部的工具应一直固定在背心上,以便在心肺复苏或气道管理时迅速打开。针孔部位需要定期护理以防感染,并需要教导患者背心下的皮肤护理。
答案: A · 癌细胞迅速分解引起的代谢急症
肿瘤细胞迅速死亡(通常在急性白血病或高级别淋巴瘤等快速生长的癌症开始治疗后)会释放钾、磷酸盐和核酸(转化为尿酸)。这可引起 AKI 和心律失常。
答案: C · Escalate urgently and start the sepsis pathway
These findings suggest sepsis with poor perfusion. Urgent medical review and a sepsis bundle, including blood cultures, antibiotics within an hour, lactate, fluids and urine output monitoring, improve survival.
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