优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient is in skeletal traction. Which finding needs the nurse to act?
在持续管饲过程中,一名患者突然开始咳嗽、呼吸急促,SpO₂ 下降。护士的首要行动是什么?
下列哪种脱手套的方法是正确的?
A nurse floated to an unfamiliar unit is asked to manage a device they have never been trained to use. What should the nurse do?
A patient taking a statin reports new, unexplained muscle pain and weakness. Which laboratory test would the nurse expect to be ordered?
A patient on a stable dose of levothyroxine now has a TSH of 9.8 mIU/L. She recently started taking her calcium and iron supplements with her morning levothyroxine. What is the most likely explanation?
病房中一名患者在首剂 β 受体阻滞剂后出现喘鸣和气短。哪种病史最可能导致这种情况?
An older patient with delirium is trying to leave the ward at night, saying he must go home. What is the best initial approach?
一名室上性心动过速患者将接受静脉腺苷。护士应提醒患者注意什么?
一名因心房颤动服用华法林的患者被开具克拉霉素。哪项措施最恰当?
脑灌注压(CPP)如何计算?
A patient with gastroparesis has hypos soon after their meal-time insulin, then high glucose several hours later. What is the best explanation?
为什么教患者咳嗽时用枕头支托腹部伤口?
一名肠梗阻患者出现持续剧烈疼痛(不再是绞痛)、发热、心率 120 次/分,以及腹部强直、压痛。这提示什么?
答案: C · The weights are resting on the floor
Traction weights must hang freely to keep a constant pull. Weights resting on the floor stop the traction working; they are never removed without a prescription.
答案: D · 停止管饲,让患者坐直并评估呼吸
管饲期间出现咳嗽、呼吸急促和血氧饱和度下降,提示误吸或管道移位。应立即停止管饲,让患者坐直,评估气道和呼吸,必要时吸痰和给氧,并通知医疗人员。在重新开始任何管饲之前先检查管道位置。
答案: C · 先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下
手套外面是被污染的,所以只能接触另一只手套;裸手只能接触第二只手套的内面。随后进行手卫生。手套绝不能清洗后再次使用。
答案: C · Tell the charge nurse and ask for help or a change of assignment
Accepting a task beyond one’s competence puts the patient at risk. The nurse explains the limit to the charge nurse, who can arrange help, training or reassignment.
答案: C · Creatine kinase (CK)
Statins can cause myopathy and, rarely, rhabdomyolysis. A raised CK confirms muscle injury, and the provider may stop the statin. The nurse also asks about dark urine, which can signal myoglobin in the urine.核对依据: Creatine Kinase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: B · The supplements are reducing levothyroxine absorption
Calcium, iron and antacids bind levothyroxine in the gut and reduce absorption, so the TSH rises. Levothyroxine is taken on an empty stomach, usually 30–60 minutes before breakfast, separated from these supplements by about 4 hours.
答案: D · 哮喘
非选择性甚至心脏选择性 β 受体阻滞剂都可能引起支气管痉挛,因此哮喘患者通常应避免使用。
答案: D · Calmly reassure and redirect him while the team assesses his capacity and safety
De-escalation, reorientation and supervision come first. If he lacks capacity, the team must act in his best interests using the least restrictive measures, following local law and policy.
答案: D · 短暂的面部潮红或胸闷,以及几秒钟的停顿感
腺苷以快速静脉推注给药,随后用生理盐水冲管,并持续心电监护。它短暂阻断房室结传导,常引起几秒钟的心搏停止、面部潮红、胸部不适、呼吸困难或濒死感。这些作用只持续几秒。
答案: A · 询问是否应提前检查 INR,因为它可能升高
包括克拉霉素等大环内酯类、某些氟喹诺酮类和复方磺胺甲噁唑在内的几种抗生素,可使 INR 升高并增加出血风险。需要更密切地监测 INR,并可能需要调整剂量。未经建议停用或加倍华法林是不安全的。
答案: A · 平均动脉压减去颅内压
CPP = MAP − ICP。脑损伤成人的目标通常是 CPP 至少约 60 mmHg。如果颅内压升高或平均动脉压下降,CPP 就会下降,脑组织出现缺血。
答案: D · Food is absorbed slowly, so the insulin peaks before the glucose rises
Delayed gastric emptying means carbohydrate reaches the blood later than expected. The insulin acts too early, causing a hypo, and glucose rises later. The prescriber may change the timing, for example giving the insulin after the meal.
答案: D · 它可减轻疼痛和牵拉,使患者能有效咳嗽
支托切口可减轻疼痛和对伤口的压力,使患者能够深呼吸和有效咳嗽,以清除分泌物并预防胸部感染。同时还需要充分的镇痛。
答案: A · 绞窄或穿孔,需要紧急外科评估
疼痛从绞痛变为持续性疼痛,伴发热、心动过速、腹膜刺激征或乳酸升高,提示缺血(绞窄)或穿孔。这是外科急症。机械性梗阻禁用泻药。
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