优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名通常在产科工作的护士被调派到成人内科病房。最适合分配给这名护士的患者是哪一位?
A marathon runner is confused, with a temperature of 41 °C and hot skin. What is the priority?
A patient with a fever and a cough arrives in a crowded clinic waiting room. What should the nurse do?
一名护士拿起一瓶含 10 000 单位/mL 的肝素药瓶;病房通常备有 1000 单位/mL 的药瓶。为什么需要格外小心?
为什么慢性肾脏病患者常有贫血?
一份 aPTT 结果极高,但护士得知样本是从输注肝素的那只手臂采集的。最好的措施是什么?
What is the recommended first aid for a thermal burn?
一名使用阿片类 PCA 泵的患者呼吸频率为 7 次/分,且难以唤醒。首先应该做什么?
How does ezetimibe lower cholesterol?
通常教授的胸腔引流管拔除方法是哪种?
卒中静脉溶栓前,通常采用哪个血压限值?
An 84-year-old man became more confused a week after starting oxybutynin. Infection has been ruled out. What should the nurse suspect?
Which infection control measure is correct for a patient with C. difficile diarrhoea?
A worker has a hydrofluoric acid burn on the hand and severe pain. After irrigation with water, which specific treatment is commonly applied?
答案: C · 口服抗生素治疗稳定的肺炎患者
被调派的护士应分配到病情稳定、护理使用一般技能的患者。新做气管切开、活动性出血以及因 DKA 使用胰岛素输注,需要本病房专门的经验和密切监测。
答案: C · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
Heat stroke is an emergency in which body temperature rises and the brain is affected. Rapid cooling, for example with cold water or ice, is the priority; antipyretics do not work for heat stroke.
答案: B · Give the patient a mask and seat them apart from others
Offering a mask to people with respiratory symptoms and separating them from others reduces the spread of droplets. Tissues, hand hygiene products and waste bins are also provided.
答案: D · 误用浓度更高的药瓶会造成十倍过量
肝素规格混淆曾导致死亡。护士每次都应核对标签上的浓度并进行独立双人核对,许多医院也限制备用的规格。
答案: B · 肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,而它驱动红细胞的生成
患病的肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,因此骨髓生成的红细胞减少。治疗可包括促红细胞生成药物和铁剂。核对依据: Anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Erythropoietin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · 在调整剂量之前,要求从对侧手臂重新采样
从输液手臂抽取的血液含有来自输液的肝素,因此 aPTT 假性偏高。来自另一只手臂的样本才能给出真实的结果。根据错误的结果改变剂量可能导致血栓形成。核对依据: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: C · Cool it under cool running water for about 20 minutes
Cooling with running water for around 20 minutes limits tissue damage and pain. Ice can cause further injury, and the patient should be kept warm while the burn is cooled.
答案: D · 停用 PCA,唤醒患者,给氧,并尽快给予纳洛酮
过度镇静和呼吸缓慢提示阿片类药物中毒。应停用阿片类药物,支持气道和呼吸,给氧,遵医嘱给予纳洛酮,并密切监测。
答案: B · It reduces absorption of cholesterol from the gut
Ezetimibe blocks the intestinal cholesterol transporter (NPC1L1), so less dietary and biliary cholesterol is absorbed and LDL falls. It is often added to a statin. Statins act by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver.
答案: C · 在屏气或呼气时拔除,然后封闭伤口
许多指南建议在深吸气末屏气(Valsalva)或呼气时拔管,使胸腔内为正压。伤口用缝线或密闭敷料封闭,监测患者有无气胸复发,必要时拍胸部 X 线。事先给予镇痛是良好的做法。
答案: C · 低于约 185/110 mmHg
许多指南要求溶栓前血压低于 185/110 mmHg,溶栓后 24 小时内低于 180/105 mmHg,因为血压过高会增加出血性转化的风险。读数更高时应先谨慎降压。
答案: B · Anticholinergic side effects of the drug
Anticholinergic drugs such as oxybutynin can cause confusion and worsen cognition in older people. The prescriber should review the medicine and the patient's overall anticholinergic burden.
答案: A · A single room with its own toilet, and soap-and-water handwashing
C. difficile forms spores that resist alcohol gel, so soap and water are used. Patients are isolated with their own toilet, staff use gloves and aprons, and the environment is cleaned with a sporicidal agent such as chlorine.
答案: C · Calcium gluconate gel
Hydrofluoric acid penetrates deeply and binds calcium and magnesium, causing severe pain and possible life-threatening hypocalcaemia. Calcium gluconate gel binds fluoride; serum calcium and heart rhythm are monitored in larger exposures.
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