这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1交界性心律
2窦性心动过缓
3室性自搏心律
4心脏停搏
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient taking lisinopril develops swelling of the lips and tongue. What should the nurse do first?
ATell the patient this is a common, harmless effect
BAssess the airway and call for urgent help
CApply a cold pack and recheck in an hour
DGive the next dose of lisinopril with water
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a chest drain for a pneumothorax. The nurse sees constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber. What does this most likely mean?
AThe suction is set too low and needs to be turned up
BThe drain is working normally and no action is needed
CThe lung has fully re-expanded, so the drain is ready to come out
DAn air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?
AAn allergic reaction to a recent medication
BDehydration from poor intake
CA purely viral illness
DA bacterial rather than a viral infection
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
In START triage at a mass-casualty incident, a casualty cannot walk, breathes 20 times a minute, has a radial pulse and follows simple commands. Which category applies?
AYellow (delayed)
BBlack (expectant or dead)
CGreen (minor)
DRed (immediate)
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with type 2 diabetes starts prednisone each morning. When is the glucose most likely to be highest?
Patients with capacity may refuse medicines. The nurse explores why, for example side effects or misunderstanding, gives information, documents the refusal and informs the prescriber if needed.
答案: A · To shift potassium into cells; blood glucose must be monitored for hypoglycaemia
为什么是这个答案
Insulin drives potassium into cells, temporarily lowering serum levels. Glucose is given to prevent hypoglycaemia, but glucose monitoring is still needed for several hours.
答案
A · To shift potassium into cells; blood glucose must be monitored for hypoglycaemia
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 40 个小格
转换
停顿 = 40 × 0.04 s = 1.6 s
与 P–P 比较
1.60 ÷ 0.92 ≈ 1.7 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.6 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性自搏心律
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 43 个小格,1500 ÷ 43 ≈ 35 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.72 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)且形态怪异,T 波方向相反。
解读
室性自搏心律
答案
室性自搏心律
室性自搏心律是一种逸搏心律:由于上方的起搏点失灵,心室接管了节律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Assess the airway and call for urgent help
为什么是这个答案
Angioedema is a rare but dangerous effect of ACE inhibitors. The airway comes first: the nurse assesses breathing, calls for urgent help and holds the drug.
答案
B · Assess the airway and call for urgent help
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
为什么是这个答案
Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber signals an air leak. The nurse checks the connections from the patient to the drain and reports a leak that cannot be fixed.
答案
D · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
为什么是这个答案
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答案
D · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Yellow (delayed)
为什么是这个答案
The casualty cannot walk, so is not green. Breathing is under 30 a minute, perfusion is adequate and they obey commands, so none of the red criteria apply. This makes them yellow, delayed.
答案
A · Yellow (delayed)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · In the afternoon and evening
为什么是这个答案
A morning dose of prednisone raises glucose mainly in the afternoon and evening, with a smaller effect overnight. Glucose monitoring and insulin plans often target these times, and doses are adjusted when the steroid is tapered.核对依据:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
A · In the afternoon and evening
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · 结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样
为什么是这个答案
红细胞富含钾。当它们在试管中破裂(由于止血带过紧、握拳或针头太细)时,钾漏出,结果呈假性偏高。护士仍应评估患者并重复检测,因为不能漏掉真正的高钾血症。核对依据:Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)