练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 58 kg 的成人在 24 小时内输注 1500 mL 含 25% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
58 kg1500 mL葡萄糖 25%24 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse teaches a patient about storing insulin at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will not leave my insulin in a hot car.”
B“I will keep my spare insulin in the freezer so it lasts longer.”
C“I will keep unopened insulin in the fridge.”
D“I will check the expiry date on the label before I use the vial.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
护士应首先将哪位患者上报给快速反应小组?
A一名已知高血压的患者,血压 152/94 mmHg,感觉良好
B一名蜂窝织炎患者,体温 38.1 °C,其余生命体征正常
C一名尿路感染患者,新出现意识模糊,呼吸频率 26 次/分,收缩压 94 mmHg
D一名膝关节手术后的患者,疼痛 6/10,生命体征正常
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has highly contagious viral conjunctivitis. Which teaching is most important?
ARub the eyes gently to remove the discharge
BKeep using the same contact lenses to protect the eyes
CWear a surgical mask whenever someone else is in the room
DWash hands often and do not share towels, pillows or eye drops
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
护士的哪项行为表明她遵守了手卫生五个时刻?
A她在接触床栏之后清洁双手
B她在两位患者之间戴着同一副手套
C她只在手看起来脏时才清洁双手
D她只在班次开始和结束时清洁双手
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient has a calcium of 11.8 mg/dL (2.95 mmol/L) from bone metastases. Which nursing measure is appropriate?
AEncourage bed rest and limit oral fluids
BEncourage fluids and mobility as tolerated
COffer extra milk and cheese at each meal
DGive calcium carbonate antacids for nausea
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient's AST is about twice the ALT, both moderately raised, and the GGT is high. Which cause is most likely?
AAcute myocardial infarction
BAcute viral hepatitis A
CGallstone blocking the bile duct
DAlcohol-related liver disease
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · 营养不良的风险
为什么是这个答案
MUST 把体重指数、非计划性体重下降和急性疾病影响合成一个评分,显示营养不良的风险并指导营养护理。
答案
B · 营养不良的风险
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
为什么是这个答案
In sepsis antibiotics are time-critical, and every hour of delay increases the risk of death. Routine tasks are done afterwards.
答案
D · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
3.临床护理
答案: B · Wait about five minutes between the two drops
为什么是这个答案
Leaving a few minutes between different drops lets each one be absorbed. Gentle pressure on the inner corner of the eye can also reduce systemic absorption.
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 47 个小格
转换
停顿 = 47 × 0.04 s = 1.88 s
与 P–P 比较
1.88 ÷ 0.80 ≈ 2.3 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.88 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 4 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 40 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.92 s,65 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.16 s。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · “I will keep my spare insulin in the freezer so it lasts longer.”
为什么是这个答案
Freezing damages insulin, and frozen insulin should not be used. Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge, and heat and expired products are avoided.
答案
B · “I will keep my spare insulin in the freezer so it lasts longer.”
答案: D · Wash hands often and do not share towels, pillows or eye drops
为什么是这个答案
Viral conjunctivitis spreads easily by contact with eye secretions. Hand hygiene, not touching the eyes and not sharing towels, pillows or eye products reduce spread.
答案
D · Wash hands often and do not share towels, pillows or eye drops
答案: B · Encourage fluids and mobility as tolerated
为什么是这个答案
Hydration helps the kidneys excrete calcium and prevents stones, and weight-bearing mobility slows calcium loss from bone. Calcium-containing foods and antacids are not encouraged. The nurse also monitors for confusion, constipation and arrhythmias.核对依据:Hypercalcemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
B · Encourage fluids and mobility as tolerated
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Alcohol-related liver disease
为什么是这个答案
An AST:ALT ratio of about 2:1 or more with a high GGT is typical of alcohol-related liver disease. In acute viral hepatitis ALT is usually higher than AST and often very high; bile-duct obstruction mainly raises ALP.