II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1交界性心律
2一度房室传导阻滞
3心房颤动
4正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with heart failure gained 2 kg (about 4 lb) since yesterday and is more breathless when lying down. What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage extra fluids to correct the weight change
BAssess the lungs, oxygen saturation and swelling, then inform the provider
CLay the patient flat to help them breathe more easily
DRecord the weight on the chart and recheck it at the next weekly weigh-in
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a potassium of 7.0 mEq/L with peaked T waves. Several drugs are prescribed. Which one is usually given first to protect the heart?
AOral sodium bicarbonate
BIV furosemide
CIV calcium gluconate
DOral potassium binder
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
对于感染 Neisseria meningitidis 的患者,飞沫传播预防通常应在何时停止?
A退热一小时后
B有效抗生素治疗 24 小时后
C给予第一剂抗生素后立即停止
D仅在患者出院后
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一袋化疗药物泄漏到地板上。第一步是什么?
A用纸巾和裸手迅速擦掉
B穿戴溢出处理包里的防护装备并控制泄漏
C任其干燥,下班前再清理
D请保洁员用平常的拖把拖掉
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A young adult with new diabetes has a very low C-peptide level. What does this suggest?
AThe patient is injecting too much insulin and needs a lower dose
BThe pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
CThe patient has high insulin resistance, as in type 2 diabetes
DThe kidneys are excreting all of the patient's insulin in urine
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
The nurse teaches a patient starting lithium. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will drink plenty of fluids, especially in hot weather"
B"I will tell my doctor if I have vomiting or diarrhea"
C"I will cut out salt from my diet completely to stay healthy"
D"I will check with the pharmacist before taking ibuprofen"
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
为什么是这个答案
Enteric coatings stop the tablet dissolving until it reaches the small intestine, protecting the stomach lining or the drug from stomach acid. Crushing destroys this protection.
答案
C · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 26 个小格,1500 ÷ 26 ≈ 58 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.04 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之后。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 27 个小格,1500 ÷ 27 ≈ 56 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.08 s),P–P 规则(0.80 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 75 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Assess the lungs, oxygen saturation and swelling, then inform the provider
为什么是这个答案
A rapid weight gain with orthopnea suggests fluid overload and worsening heart failure. The nurse assesses breathing and fluid status and informs the provider, who may adjust the diuretic.
答案
B · Assess the lungs, oxygen saturation and swelling, then inform the provider
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · IV calcium gluconate
为什么是这个答案
IV calcium stabilizes the cardiac cell membranes within minutes and is given first when hyperkalemia changes the ECG. Insulin with glucose, binders and diuretics then lower the potassium.
答案: B · The pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
为什么是这个答案
C-peptide is cleaved from proinsulin when insulin is made, so it reflects the body's own insulin production. A very low level suggests beta-cell loss, as in type 1 diabetes; in type 2 diabetes it is often normal or high early on.核对依据:C-Peptide Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
B · The pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · "I will cut out salt from my diet completely to stay healthy"
为什么是这个答案
A sudden fall in sodium intake makes the kidneys keep more sodium and lithium, raising the lithium level towards toxicity. Patients keep a normal, steady salt intake, drink enough fluids, report fluid loss and avoid NSAIDs unless approved.
答案
C · "I will cut out salt from my diet completely to stay healthy"