练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一瓶青霉素 G 含 5 000 000 单位。其练习标签给出三种浓度(见表)。你加入 8.2 mL 稀释液。医嘱剂量为 600 000 单位。应抽取多少体积 V? 保留一位小数。
8.2 mL → 500 000 件/mL600 000 件
V = mL
12.药学计算困难
一瓶含 2000 mg 粉末。你加入 3.6 mL 稀释液,粉末增加 0.4 mL 的体积。处方剂量为 1650 mg。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
2000 mg3.6 mL + 0.4 mL1650 mg
V = mL
3溶液
1.护理数学与单位换算
答案: x = 16 gtt/min
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
1 位位上的数字
15.912 → 5
只看下一位数字
15.912 → 9
9 大于或等于 5,所以 5 进一。
后面的数字(12)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。
取整
x = 16 gtt/min
答案
x = 16 gtt/min
2.护理数学与单位换算
答案: D = 0.3 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
列出换算链
D = 5 mcg/min × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
计算
D = 5·60/1000 = 0.3 mg/h
答案
D = 0.3 mg/h
3.剂量计算
答案: V = 1 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合后的浓度
1000 mg/5 mL = 200 mg/mL
体积
V = 200/200 = 1 mL
答案
V = 1 mL
4.剂量计算
答案: D = 124.9 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面积
BSA = √(149·67/3600) = √2.773 = 1.665 m²
剂量
D = 75·1.665 = 124.9 mg
答案
D = 124.9 mg
5.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 153.3 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
原速率
1500/12 = 125 mL/h
新速率
R = 920/6 = 153.3 mL/h
答案
R = 153.3 mL/h
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
6.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 20 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).