一种溶液的比例浓度为 1:1000。你需要 0.21 mg。请在 1 mL 注射器中抽取该体积:这是多少体积 V?
1:10000.21 mg
V = mL
12.药学计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 你须用 70% 和 10% 的dextrose混合配制 450 mL 20% 的dextrose。需要多少 mL V 的 70% 溶液?取整到最接近的整数 mL。
70%10%20%450 mL
V = mL
3溶液
1.护理数学与单位换算
答案: T = 38.9 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
减去 32
102.1 − 32 = 70.1
乘以 5/9
T = 70.1·5/9 = 38.94 ≈ 38.9 °C
答案
T = 38.9 °C
2.护理数学与单位换算
答案: D = 0.9 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
列出换算链
D = 15 mcg/min × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
计算
D = 15·60/1000 = 0.9 mg/h
答案
D = 0.9 mg/h
3.剂量计算
答案: D = 112.5 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
每日总量
7.5·60 = 450 mg
每次剂量
D = 450/4 = 112.5 mg
答案
D = 112.5 mg
4.剂量计算
答案: D = 396.7 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面积
BSA = √(171·53/3600) = √2.518 = 1.587 m²
剂量
D = 250·1.587 = 396.7 mg
答案
D = 396.7 mg
5.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 25 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
每分钟毫升数
100/60 = 1.667 mL/min
滴速
R = 1.667·15 = 25 gtt/min
答案
R = 25 gtt/min
6.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 15 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).