练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一瓶药含cefazolin 1000 mg 粉末。练习标签说明加入 4.5 mL 灭菌注射用水;粉末使体积增加 0.5 mL。复溶后的浓度 C 是多少 mg/mL?
1000 mg4.5 mL+0.5 mL
C = mg/mL
12.药学计算困难
一瓶含 500 mg 粉末。你加入 9.8 mL 稀释液,粉末增加 0.2 mL 的体积。处方剂量为 100 mg。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
500 mg9.8 mL + 0.2 mL100 mg
V = mL
3溶液
1.护理数学与单位换算
答案: x = 192 gtt/min
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
1 位位上的数字
192.009 → 2
只看下一位数字
192.009 → 0
0 小于或等于 4,所以 2 不变。
后面的数字(09)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。
取整
x = 192 gtt/min
答案
x = 192 gtt/min
2.护理数学与单位换算
答案: V = 210 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
每次剂量的体积
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
整个疗程
V = 7.5 mL × 4/天 × 7 = 210 mL
答案
V = 210 mL
3.剂量计算
答案: V = 2.4 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
每分钟毫升数
150/60 = 2.5 mL/min
滴速
R = 2.5·20 = 50 gtt/min
答案
R = 50 gtt/min
6.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 10 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).