练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一瓶药含ampicillin 1000 mg 粉末。练习标签说明加入 3.5 mL 灭菌注射用水;粉末使体积增加 0.5 mL。复溶后的浓度 C 是多少 mg/mL?
1000 mg3.5 mL+0.5 mL
C = mg/mL
12.药学计算困难
一瓶含 250 mg 粉末。你加入 1.9 mL 稀释液,粉末增加 0.6 mL 的体积。处方剂量为 90 mg。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
250 mg1.9 mL + 0.6 mL90 mg
V = mL
3溶液
1.护理数学与单位换算
答案: h = 72 in
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
厘米换算为英寸
h = 183/2.54 = 72.05 ≈ 72 in
答案
h = 72 in
2.护理数学与单位换算
答案: V = 3 L
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
一天的体积
125 mL/h × 24 h = 3000 mL
以升计
V = 3000/1000 = 3 L
答案
V = 3 L
3.剂量计算
答案: D = 28.13 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
每日总量
7.5·15 = 112.5 mg
每次剂量
D = 112.5/4 = 28.13 mg
答案
D = 28.13 mg
4.剂量计算
答案: V = 1.8 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
26.4/2.2 = 12 kg
剂量
15·12 = 180 mg
体积
V = (180/100)·1 = 1.8 mL
答案
V = 1.8 mL
5.静脉输液速度
答案: V = 1080 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
速度(mL/h)
30·60/20 = 90 mL/h
体积
V = 90·12 = 1080 mL
答案
V = 1080 mL
6.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 50 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).