剂量计算
- 由浓度计算剂量
- 体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
- 按体重给药
- 剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
- 片剂
- 片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
- 单位
- 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg
方法
- 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
- 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
- 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
- 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Besides lithium levels, which blood tests are monitored in long-term lithium treatment?
An older patient on amlodipine develops ankle swelling and is prescribed furosemide. She then becomes dizzy and falls. What does this sequence illustrate?
一名体重 75 kg 的患者体表面积为 1.72 m²。医嘱为 135 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
一名患者体重 35.2 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 15 mg/kg,储备液为 5 mL 中含 200 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者静脉推注 340 mg gentamicin。外推回时间零点的浓度为 12 mg/L,半衰期为 3.5 h。 求清除率CL(L/h)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 97 kg、已处于稳态并规律使用tobramycin的患者。目标是峰浓度 8 mg/L、谷浓度 1 mg/L,分布容积为 0.25 L/kg。假设为快速静脉给药,什么剂量D能使浓度从谷值升到峰值?
答案: D · Kidney function and thyroid function
Lithium can impair kidney function and cause hypothyroidism. Kidney function, thyroid function and calcium are checked regularly, along with lithium levels.
答案: B · A prescribing cascade
In a prescribing cascade, an adverse effect of one drug is mistaken for a new condition and treated with another drug, which brings new risks. Amlodipine oedema does not respond well to diuretics; reviewing the original drug is better.
答案: D = 232.2 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: V = 6 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: CL = 5.611 L/h
清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: D = 169.8 mg
设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
实际中,剂量会取整到方便的数值。
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