剂量计算
- 由浓度计算剂量
- 体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
- 按体重给药
- 剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
- 片剂
- 片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
- 单位
- 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg
方法
- 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
- 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
- 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
- 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with Addison's disease on hydrocortisone develops a fever with flu. What is the usual advice?
Ten days after chemotherapy, a patient has a temperature of 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) but says she feels fine. What should happen?
某患者体重 12 kg,医嘱为单次给药 7.5 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
一名患者体重 182.6 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 10 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 100 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者静脉推注 170 mg gentamicin。外推回时间零点的浓度为 8 mg/L,半衰期为 2.5 h。 求分布容积Vd。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 65 kg 的患者每 12 h 口服茶碱(F = 1)。清除率为 0.04 L/kg/h。 每次剂量为 200 mg theophylline。求平均稳态浓度Css,avg。
答案: D · Increase the dose as instructed (sick-day rules) and seek help if vomiting
During illness, the body needs more cortisol, so patients usually double their glucocorticoid dose as instructed. If they cannot keep tablets down, they need injectable hydrocortisone and urgent care.
答案: D · Urgent cultures and IV broad-spectrum antibiotics without delay
Fever during neutropenia is treated as a medical emergency because infection can progress rapidly. Cultures are taken and empirical IV antibiotics are started promptly, ideally within one hour.
答案: D = 90 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 8.3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: Vd = 21.25 L
清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: Css,avg = 6.41 mg/L
设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
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