药理学:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

临床药代动力学

速率常数和半衰期
k = ln 2/t½ = 0.693/t½
一级衰减
C = C₀·e−kt = C₀·(1/2)t/t½
两个浓度
k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt
容积和清除率
Vd = dose/C₀, CL = k·Vd
负荷剂量
LD = Vd·C/(S·F)
维持速率
R = CL·Css/(S·F)
平均稳态
Css,avg = S·F·D/(CL·τ)
稳态
n 个半衰期后为 1 − (1/2)ⁿ; 5 个半衰期后 ≈ 97%
输注
C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt)
由峰浓度和谷浓度确定间隔与剂量
τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k, D = Vd·(Cpeak − Ctrough)
Cockcroft–Gault
CrCl = (140 − 年龄) × kg/(72 × SCr mg/dL),女性 × 0.85
肾功能调整
剂量 × CrCl/正常值; Dettli Q = 1 − fe·(1 − CrCl/正常值)

方法

  1. 把半衰期换算为速率常数:k = 0.693/t½。
  2. 把按每 kg 的数值换算为总量:Vd(L)= L/kg × 体重,CL(L/h)= L/kg/h × 体重。
  3. 选定关系式:C = C₀·e−kt,LD = Vd·C/(S·F),维持速率 = CL·Css/(S·F),τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k。
  4. 对于肾功能,先用 Cockcroft–Gault 估算 CrCl,再调整剂量或间隔。
  5. 核对结果:浓度每个半衰期减半,达到稳态约需五个半衰期。

2练习题

1.药理学中等

A patient with diabetes is sweaty and shaky. Blood glucose is 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL). The patient is awake and can swallow. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice
  2. BGive intramuscular glucagon at once
  3. CGive a large meal high in fat and protein to keep glucose up for longer
  4. DGive the next scheduled dose of insulin
2.药理学困难

A patient with latent tuberculosis feels well and is not infectious. Why is treatment such as isoniazid still offered?

  1. ATo prevent progression to active TB later
  2. BTo cure an active lung infection
  3. CTo produce a negative skin test quickly
  4. DTo stop the patient spreading TB at the moment
3.剂量计算中等
1:10 000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?

1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
4.剂量计算困难
10%储备液V₁ = ? mL

你需要用 10%(w/v)储备液配制 1000 mL 2%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?

C₁ = 10%C₂ = 2%V₂ = 1000 mL
V₁ = mL
5.临床药代动力学中等
110100t (h)C (mg/L)C₀ = 12 mg/Lt½ = 3.5 hC₀/2

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者静脉推注 160 mg gentamicin。外推回时间零点的浓度为 12 mg/L,半衰期为 3.5 h。 求分布容积Vd。

D = 160 mgC₀ = 12 mg/Lt½ = 3.5 h
Vd = L
6.临床药代动力学困难
0.1110t (h)C (mg/L)Cpeak​ = 6τ = ?Ctrough​ = 1

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的gentamicin半衰期为 3 h。目标是峰浓度 6 mg/L、谷浓度 1 mg/L。假设为快速静脉给药和一级消除,多长的给药间隔τ可使浓度从峰值降到谷值? 保留一位小数。

t½ = 3 hCpeak = 6 mg/LCtrough = 1 mg/L
τ = h

3溶液

1.药理学

答案: A · Give 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice

为什么是这个答案

Conscious hypoglycaemia is treated with 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, with glucose rechecked after about 15 minutes. Fat slows absorption, and glucagon is kept for patients who cannot swallow.

答案

A · Give 15–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice
2.药理学

答案: A · To prevent progression to active TB later

为什么是这个答案

People with latent TB carry dormant bacteria that can reactivate, especially if immunity weakens. Treatment reduces the risk of active disease, which would be infectious.

答案

A · To prevent progression to active TB later
3.剂量计算

答案: V = 10 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:10 000 = 1 g/10000 mL = 0.1 mg/mL

体积

V = 1/0.1 = 10 mL

答案

V = 10 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

4.剂量计算

答案: V₁ = 200 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 2·1000/10 = 200 mL

答案

V₁ = 200 mL
5.临床药代动力学

答案: Vd = 13.33 L

清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

分布容积

Vd = 160/12 = 13.33 L

答案

Vd = 13.33 L
6.临床药代动力学

答案: τ = 7.8 h

设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

速率常数

k = 0.693/3 = 0.231 h⁻¹

给药间隔

τ = ln(6/1)/0.231 = 1.792/0.231 = 7.755 ≈ 7.8 h

答案

τ = 7.8 h

实际中,间隔会取整到 8、12、24 或 36 h 等方便的数值,并再次检测浓度。

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