护理入学考试生物
方法
- 说出这道题的主题:细胞结构、物质运输、细胞分裂、DNA 与蛋白质合成、遗传、生物分子、微生物或实验设计。
- 回忆关键规则:A–T 和 G–C,扩散由高浓度向低浓度,水向溶质更多的一侧移动,有丝分裂保持而减数分裂减半染色体数目。
- 对于杂交,先写出亲本的基因型,列出配子,并填好庞尼特方格再计数。
- 对于实验,标出自变量、因变量和控制变量,并问一问证据是支持还是仅仅提示了结论。
- 把每个选项与所问的问题对照,而不是只看它是不是一句真话。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
人体最大的神经是哪条?
窦房结最常由哪条冠状动脉供血?
哪种蛋白质形成稳定血凝块的网状结构?
测量肾小球滤过率的金标准是哪种物质的清除率?
Sickle cell disease is caused by a single base change that replaces one amino acid in haemoglobin. What type of mutation is this?
A bag made of membrane that lets only water through contains a 10% sugar solution. It is placed in a beaker of 5% sugar solution. What happens?
How does ionisation energy (the energy needed to remove an outer electron) generally change from left to right across a period?
A nurse wipes a patient's arm with an alcohol swab and the patient says the skin feels cold. What explains this?
答案: C · 坐骨神经
坐骨神经(L4–S3)经坐骨大孔出骨盆,支配腘绳肌以及膝以下的全部肌肉。小腿内侧的皮肤则由隐神经支配。
答案: B · 右冠状动脉
约 60% 的人窦房结动脉起自右冠状动脉,其余起自回旋支。
答案: B · 纤维蛋白
凝血酶把可溶性纤维蛋白原转化为不溶性的纤维蛋白丝,后者黏合血小板栓并网罗红细胞,形成稳定的血凝块。
答案: A · 菊粉
菊粉能自由滤过,既不被重吸收也不被分泌,所以其清除率恰好等于 GFR。肌酐会少量分泌,因此会略微高估 GFR。
答案: C · A missense mutation
A substitution that changes one amino acid is a missense mutation. In sickle cell disease, glutamic acid is replaced by valine, which makes haemoglobin molecules stick together at low oxygen levels.
答案: A · Water moves into the bag, and the bag gains mass
The bag is hypertonic to the beaker, so water enters the bag by osmosis and its mass increases. Sugar cannot move because the membrane is impermeable to it.
答案: D · It increases
Across a period the nuclear charge rises while the shell stays the same, so electrons are held more tightly and are harder to remove. Ionisation energy therefore increases.
答案: A · The alcohol absorbs heat from the skin as it evaporates
Evaporation is endothermic: the alcohol takes the energy it needs to vaporise from the skin, lowering skin temperature. Sweating cools the body in the same way.
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