Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The circle of Willis at the base of the brain connects which two arterial supplies?

  1. AInternal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
  2. BJugular and vertebral systems
  3. CExternal carotid and subclavian arterial systems
  4. DLeft and right external carotid arteries
2.Human anatomyHard

In portal hypertension, oesophageal varices form at which portosystemic anastomosis?

  1. ABetween the paraumbilical veins and the epigastric veins
  2. BBetween the splenic vein and the left renal vein
  3. CBetween the superior rectal and middle rectal veins
  4. DBetween the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiologyMedium

Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?

  1. AChloride
  2. BSodium
  3. CCalcium
  4. DPotassium
4.Human physiologyHard

A patient with small-cell lung cancer has low plasma sodium and low plasma osmolality but inappropriately concentrated urine. What is the most likely explanation?

  1. AAddison's disease with high aldosterone
  2. BSyndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
  3. CCranial diabetes insipidus
  4. DPrimary hyperaldosteronism

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems

Why this is the answer

The circle of Willis links the internal carotid arteries with the basilar artery (formed by the vertebral arteries), allowing some collateral flow.

Answer

A · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein

Why this is the answer

At the lower oesophagus, portal blood in the left gastric vein meets systemic blood in the oesophageal veins draining to the azygos system. High portal pressure dilates these veins.

Answer

D · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Potassium

Why this is the answer

Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.

Answer

D · Potassium
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Why this is the answer

In SIADH excess ADH makes the kidneys retain water, diluting the plasma while urine stays concentrated. Small-cell lung cancer can secrete ADH.

Answer

B · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

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