Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

The circle of Willis at the base of the brain connects which two arterial supplies?

  1. AExternal carotid and subclavian arterial systems
  2. BJugular and vertebral systems
  3. CLeft and right external carotid arteries
  4. DInternal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomyHard

A patient with a large aneurysm of the aortic arch develops hoarseness. Which nerve is most likely compressed?

  1. ARight recurrent laryngeal nerve
  2. BExternal laryngeal nerve
  3. CLeft phrenic nerve
  4. DLeft recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium

Where is the heart's natural pacemaker?

  1. APurkinje fibres
  2. BSinoatrial node
  3. CAtrioventricular node
  4. DBundle of His
4.Human physiologyHard

In pernicious anaemia, autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells leads to anaemia because:

  1. AAcid is lost, so iron is never absorbed in any form
  2. BIntrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed
  3. CPepsin is lost, so haemoglobin cannot be made
  4. DGastrin is lost, so the bone marrow is no longer stimulated

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems

Why this is the answer

The circle of Willis links the internal carotid arteries with the basilar artery (formed by the vertebral arteries), allowing some collateral flow.

Answer

D · Internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Why this is the answer

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch beside the ligamentum arteriosum. It supplies most laryngeal muscles, so compression causes hoarseness.

Answer

D · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Sinoatrial node

Why this is the answer

The SA node depolarises spontaneously at the fastest rate and sets the heart rhythm. The AV node delays the impulse before it spreads to the ventricles.

Answer

B · Sinoatrial node
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · Intrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed

Why this is the answer

Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, needed for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis and causes megaloblastic anaemia.

Answer

B · Intrinsic factor is lost, so vitamin B12 is not absorbed

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