Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

  1. AExternal acoustic meatus
  2. BCochlear duct
  3. CAuditory (Eustachian) tube
  4. DNasolacrimal duct
2.Human anatomyHard

In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. What does it become after birth?

  1. AFossa ovalis
  2. BLigamentum venosum
  3. CLigamentum arteriosum
  4. DLigamentum teres
3.Human physiologyMedium

The hormone secretin is released when acid enters the duodenum. What is its main effect?

  1. AInsulin release from the endocrine pancreas
  2. BBicarbonate secretion from the pancreas
  3. CAcid secretion from the stomach
  4. DContraction of the gallbladder
4.Human physiologyHard

Spirometry shows reduced FEV1 and reduced FVC, with a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio. What pattern is this?

  1. AAn obstructive pattern, as in asthma
  2. BAn obstructive pattern, as in emphysema or chronic bronchitis
  3. CA normal result in an older adult
  4. DA restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Auditory (Eustachian) tube

Why this is the answer

The auditory tube equalises air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. In children it is shorter and more horizontal, which favours middle ear infections.

Answer

C · Auditory (Eustachian) tube
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Ligamentum arteriosum

Why this is the answer

The ductus arteriosus closes after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis and the ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum.

Answer

C · Ligamentum arteriosum
3.Human physiology

Answer: B · Bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas

Why this is the answer

Secretin stimulates pancreatic duct cells to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid, which neutralises acidic chyme so intestinal enzymes can work.

Answer

B · Bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis

Why this is the answer

In restrictive disease the lungs are small or stiff, so both FEV1 and FVC fall but the ratio is preserved. Obstruction lowers FEV1 more than FVC.

Answer

D · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis

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