Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

  1. ANasolacrimal duct
  2. BCochlear duct
  3. CAuditory (Eustachian) tube
  4. DExternal acoustic meatus
2.Human anatomyHard

After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?

  1. APosterior cord
  2. BUpper trunk (C5–C6)
  3. CLower trunk (C8–T1)
  4. DMedial cord
3.Human physiologyMedium

Which hormone makes the gallbladder contract after a fatty meal?

  1. AInsulin
  2. BGastrin
  3. CSecretin
  4. DCholecystokinin (CCK)
4.Human physiologyHard

Which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is key to building the medullary concentration gradient?

  1. AAquaporin-2 water channels
  2. BThe sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT2)
  3. CThe Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)
  4. DThe epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Auditory (Eustachian) tube

Why this is the answer

The auditory tube equalises air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. In children it is shorter and more horizontal, which favours middle ear infections.

Answer

C · Auditory (Eustachian) tube
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Upper trunk (C5–C6)

Why this is the answer

Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.

Answer

B · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Why this is the answer

Fat and protein in the duodenum release CCK, which contracts the gallbladder and stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.

Answer

D · Cholecystokinin (CCK)
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)

Why this is the answer

NKCC2 moves Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the tubule into the interstitium without water, building the medullary gradient. Loop diuretics such as furosemide block it.

Answer

C · The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC2)

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