Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus?

  1. AC5 to T1
  2. BT1 to T5
  3. CC1 to C4
  4. DC3 to C7
2.Human anatomyHard

In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. What does it become after birth?

  1. AFossa ovalis
  2. BLigamentum venosum
  3. CLigamentum arteriosum
  4. DLigamentum teres
3.Human physiologyMedium

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

  1. AClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
  2. BOpening of the aortic valve
  3. CClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
  4. DBlood filling the atria
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does a person with lactase deficiency get diarrhoea and bloating after drinking milk?

  1. AMilk protein triggers an allergic reaction
  2. BLactose is absorbed too quickly and raises blood glucose
  3. CUndigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria
  4. DLactose damages the villi directly

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: A · C5 to T1

Why this is the answer

The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. It gives rise to the main nerves of the arm.

Answer

A · C5 to T1
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Ligamentum arteriosum

Why this is the answer

The ductus arteriosus closes after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis and the ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum.

Answer

C · Ligamentum arteriosum
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

Why this is the answer

S1 ("lub") is caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole. S2 ("dub") is closure of the semilunar valves.

Answer

A · Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · Undigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria

Why this is the answer

Unabsorbed lactose acts osmotically, pulling water into the lumen. Colonic bacteria ferment it, producing gas and short-chain fatty acids.

Answer

C · Undigested lactose draws water into the gut and is fermented by colonic bacteria

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