Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which structure produces most of the cerebrospinal fluid?

  1. AArachnoid granulations
  2. BPia mater
  3. CChoroid plexus
  4. DPineal gland
2.Human anatomyHard

After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?

  1. ALower trunk (C8–T1)
  2. BMedial cord
  3. CUpper trunk (C5–C6)
  4. DPosterior cord
3.Human physiologyMedium

How is the ejection fraction calculated?

  1. AStroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume
  2. BEnd-diastolic volume ÷ end-systolic volume
  3. CCardiac output ÷ heart rate
  4. DEnd-systolic volume ÷ stroke volume
4.Human physiologyHard

A healthy person stands up quickly after lying down. Which reflex response prevents fainting?

  1. AADH release immediately doubles blood volume
  2. BThe chemoreceptor reflex raises breathing rate and arterial oxygen levels
  3. CThe Bainbridge reflex lowers heart rate
  4. DThe baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Choroid plexus

Why this is the answer

The choroid plexus in the ventricles secretes most CSF. CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood through the arachnoid granulations.

Answer

C · Choroid plexus
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Upper trunk (C5–C6)

Why this is the answer

Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.

Answer

C · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Stroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume

Why this is the answer

Ejection fraction is the proportion of blood in the full ventricle that is ejected per beat. A normal value is about 55–70%.

Answer

A · Stroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · The baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

Why this is the answer

Blood pools in the legs and pressure falls; baroreceptors fire less, which increases sympathetic and decreases vagal activity within seconds, raising heart rate and vascular tone.

Answer

D · The baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction

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