1.Human anatomyMedium
Which type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
- APseudostratified columnar epithelium
- BSimple squamous epithelium
- CTransitional epithelium (urothelium)
- DSimple columnar epithelium
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A large central disc prolapse at L4–L5 causes saddle anaesthesia, urinary retention and bilateral leg weakness. Which structure is compressed?
- AFemoral nerve
- BCauda equina
- CSciatic nerve in the buttock
- DThoracic spinal cord
3.Human physiologyMedium
Why can cardiac muscle not be tetanised like skeletal muscle?
- AIt is not striated
- BIt is controlled only by hormones
- CIts long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
- DIt has no calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
4.Human physiologyHard
During exercise, blood flow to active skeletal muscle rises greatly. What is the main cause?
- ALocal metabolites such as CO₂, H⁺, K⁺ and adenosine dilate the arterioles
- BThe heart pumps blood only to the muscles
- CSympathetic stimulation constricts the muscle arterioles via alpha receptors
- DThe parasympathetic system dilates all arteries
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
Why this is the answer
Transitional epithelium can change shape from rounded to flattened cells as the bladder stretches, while staying watertight.
Answer
C · Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
2.Human anatomy
Answer: B · Cauda equina
Why this is the answer
Below L1–L2 the canal holds the cauda equina. Central compression of these lumbar and sacral roots causes cauda equina syndrome, a surgical emergency.
Answer
B · Cauda equina
3.Human physiology
Answer: C · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
Why this is the answer
The plateau of the cardiac action potential gives a long refractory period, so the muscle relaxes before it can be excited again. This allows the heart to refill.
Answer
C · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · Local metabolites such as CO₂, H⁺, K⁺ and adenosine dilate the arterioles
Why this is the answer
Active hyperaemia: metabolites produced by working muscle relax arteriolar smooth muscle locally, overriding sympathetic vasoconstriction in that tissue.
Answer
A · Local metabolites such as CO₂, H⁺, K⁺ and adenosine dilate the arterioles
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