Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which bone of the skull contains the foramen magnum?

  1. ASphenoid bone
  2. BTemporal bone
  3. CParietal bone
  4. DOccipital bone
2.Human anatomyHard

Injury to the common fibular (peroneal) nerve at the neck of the fibula typically causes:

  1. AInability to flex the knee
  2. BLoss of sensation on the sole of the foot
  3. CWeak hip abduction
  4. DFoot drop
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main effect of aldosterone on the kidney?

  1. AGlucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule
  2. BIncreased filtration in the glomerulus
  3. CWater reabsorption by inserting aquaporins only
  4. DSodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
4.Human physiologyHard

What is the main reason the ventricles do not contract at the same moment as the atria?

  1. AThe ventricles have a longer refractory period only
  2. BThe SA node fires twice per beat
  3. CThe Purkinje fibres conduct slowly
  4. DConduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Occipital bone

Why this is the answer

The foramen magnum is a large opening in the occipital bone through which the medulla oblongata continues as the spinal cord.

Answer

D · Occipital bone
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Foot drop

Why this is the answer

The common fibular nerve supplies the dorsiflexors and evertors. Damage at the fibular neck causes foot drop and a high-stepping gait. The sole is supplied by the tibial nerve.

Answer

D · Foot drop
3.Human physiology

Answer: D · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron

Why this is the answer

Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct to increase Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion. Water follows the sodium, raising blood volume.

Answer

D · Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Conduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node

Why this is the answer

The AV node conducts slowly (about 0.1 s delay), so atrial contraction completes ventricular filling before ventricular depolarisation begins.

Answer

D · Conduction is delayed at the atrioventricular node

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