Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which pulse is felt just behind the medial malleolus of the ankle?

  1. ADorsalis pedis artery
  2. BFibular artery
  3. CPosterior tibial artery
  4. DPopliteal artery
2.Human anatomyHard

Which structure is found in the posterior mediastinum?

  1. AOesophagus
  2. BHeart
  3. CThymus
  4. DAscending aorta
3.Human physiologyMedium

What is the main effect of vagus nerve stimulation on the heart?

  1. AIt increases ventricular contractility strongly
  2. BIt constricts the coronary arteries
  3. CIt slows the heart rate
  4. DIt increases the heart rate
4.Human physiologyHard

Why does a person with a high spinal cord injury above T1 risk low blood pressure?

  1. AThe vagus nerve is cut, so the heart rate rises
  2. BThe sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off
  3. CThe phrenic nerve can no longer control the tone of the arteries
  4. DRenin release from the kidney stops completely

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: C · Posterior tibial artery

Why this is the answer

The posterior tibial artery passes behind the medial malleolus into the sole. The dorsalis pedis pulse is felt on the top of the foot.

Answer

C · Posterior tibial artery
2.Human anatomy

Answer: A · Oesophagus

Why this is the answer

The posterior mediastinum contains the oesophagus, descending aorta, azygos veins and thoracic duct. The heart and ascending aorta are in the middle mediastinum; the thymus is in the superior and anterior mediastinum.

Answer

A · Oesophagus
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · It slows the heart rate

Why this is the answer

The vagus releases acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors in the SA and AV nodes, slowing pacemaker firing and AV conduction.

Answer

C · It slows the heart rate
4.Human physiology

Answer: B · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

Why this is the answer

Sympathetic outflow leaves the cord at T1–L2. A lesion above it removes vasomotor tone and cardiac sympathetic drive while the vagus still works, causing hypotension and bradycardia (neurogenic shock).

Answer

B · The sympathetic outflow to the vessels and heart is cut off

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