Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which two regions of the adult spine normally show a lordosis (curve concave towards the back)?

  1. AThoracic and lumbar
  2. BCervical and lumbar
  3. CCervical and thoracic
  4. DThoracic and sacral
2.Human anatomyHard

In portal hypertension, oesophageal varices form at which portosystemic anastomosis?

  1. ABetween the superior rectal and middle rectal veins
  2. BBetween the paraumbilical veins and the epigastric veins
  3. CBetween the splenic vein and the left renal vein
  4. DBetween the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiologyMedium

Mean arterial pressure is approximately equal to:

  1. AHeart rate × stroke volume
  2. BStroke volume × total peripheral vascular resistance
  3. CCardiac output × total peripheral resistance
  4. DCardiac output ÷ heart rate
4.Human physiologyHard

After several days of persistent vomiting of stomach contents, which acid–base disturbance is most likely?

  1. ARespiratory acidosis
  2. BRespiratory alkalosis
  3. CMetabolic acidosis
  4. DMetabolic alkalosis

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Cervical and lumbar

Why this is the answer

The cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic (secondary curves). The thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic (primary curves).

Answer

B · Cervical and lumbar
2.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein

Why this is the answer

At the lower oesophagus, portal blood in the left gastric vein meets systemic blood in the oesophageal veins draining to the azygos system. High portal pressure dilates these veins.

Answer

D · Between the left gastric vein and the oesophageal tributaries of the azygos vein
3.Human physiology

Answer: C · Cardiac output × total peripheral resistance

Why this is the answer

Pressure = flow × resistance, so MAP ≈ CO × TPR. Changes in either cardiac output or vascular resistance change blood pressure.

Answer

C · Cardiac output × total peripheral resistance
4.Human physiology

Answer: D · Metabolic alkalosis

Why this is the answer

Vomiting removes HCl, and the stomach's acid secretion leaves bicarbonate in the blood. Volume loss and low potassium help keep the alkalosis going.

Answer

D · Metabolic alkalosis

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