1.Human anatomyMedium
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
- APulmonary arteries
- BBronchial arteries
- CPulmonary veins
- DVenae cavae
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A tumour at the apex of the lung causes drooping of the eyelid, a small pupil and loss of sweating on the same side of the face. Which pathway is disrupted?
- AOculomotor nerve
- BFacial nerve
- CParasympathetic fibres of the vagus
- DCervical sympathetic chain
3.Human physiologyMedium
Why can cardiac muscle not be tetanised like skeletal muscle?
- AIt has no calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- BIt is not striated
- CIt is controlled only by hormones
- DIts long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
4.Human physiologyHard
A patient hyperventilating during a panic attack has tingling fingers. What would the arterial blood gas most likely show?
- ALow pH and high PaCO₂
- BLow pH and low bicarbonate
- CHigh pH and low PaCO₂
- DHigh pH and high bicarbonate
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Pulmonary veins
Why this is the answer
Four pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood into the left atrium. They are the main exception to the rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood.
Answer
C · Pulmonary veins
2.Human anatomy
Answer: D · Cervical sympathetic chain
Why this is the answer
This is Horner's syndrome: ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis from interruption of sympathetic fibres, here by an apical (Pancoast) tumour pressing on the sympathetic chain.
Answer
D · Cervical sympathetic chain
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
Why this is the answer
The plateau of the cardiac action potential gives a long refractory period, so the muscle relaxes before it can be excited again. This allows the heart to refill.
Answer
D · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · High pH and low PaCO₂
Why this is the answer
Hyperventilation blows off CO₂ and causes acute respiratory alkalosis. Alkalosis increases calcium binding to albumin, lowering ionised calcium and causing tingling.
Answer
C · High pH and low PaCO₂
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