Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

  1. AAortic valve
  2. BPulmonary valve
  3. CTricuspid valve
  4. DMitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomyHard

After a difficult delivery with traction on the neck, a baby's arm hangs by the side, internally rotated with the forearm pronated ("waiter's tip"). Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?

  1. AMedial cord
  2. BUpper trunk (C5–C6)
  3. CPosterior cord
  4. DLower trunk (C8–T1)
3.Human physiologyMedium

Where does the final activation step of vitamin D (1-alpha hydroxylation) take place?

  1. AKidney
  2. BSkin
  3. CLiver
  4. DSmall intestine
4.Human physiologyHard

At the start of a fever, a patient shivers and feels cold even though body temperature is rising. Why?

  1. AThe body has lost its ability to produce heat
  2. BSweating has already cooled the body too much
  3. CPyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature
  4. DThe thermoreceptors in the skin are destroyed

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: D · Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Why this is the answer

The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle; the tricuspid valve does the same on the right side.

Answer

D · Mitral (bicuspid) valve
2.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Upper trunk (C5–C6)

Why this is the answer

Erb's palsy follows stretching of the upper trunk (C5–C6), paralysing deltoid, the external rotators and biceps. Lower trunk injury (Klumpke's) affects the small hand muscles instead.

Answer

B · Upper trunk (C5–C6)
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Kidney

Why this is the answer

Vitamin D is made in the skin or eaten, hydroxylated in the liver, and then activated to calcitriol in the kidney. Kidney failure therefore causes vitamin D deficiency.

Answer

A · Kidney
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · Pyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature

Why this is the answer

Pyrogens trigger prostaglandin E₂ in the hypothalamus, raising the set point. Until body temperature reaches the new set point, heat-gain responses such as shivering occur.

Answer

C · Pyrogens raise the hypothalamic set point above the current body temperature

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