1.Human anatomyMedium
Which spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus?
- AC3 to C7
- BT1 to T5
- CC1 to C4
- DC5 to T1
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A patient cannot abduct the arm beyond about 15° after a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus, and has numbness over the lateral shoulder. Which nerve is most likely injured?
- ASuprascapular nerve
- BRadial nerve
- CAxillary nerve
- DLong thoracic nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
The Frank–Starling mechanism describes that:
- AStroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
- BContractility falls when temperature rises
- CHeart rate rises when arterial blood pressure falls suddenly
- DThe atria contract after the ventricles
4.Human physiologyHard
Spirometry shows reduced FEV1 and reduced FVC, with a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio. What pattern is this?
- AAn obstructive pattern, as in emphysema or chronic bronchitis
- BAn obstructive pattern, as in asthma
- CA restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis
- DA normal result in an older adult
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: D · C5 to T1
Why this is the answer
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. It gives rise to the main nerves of the arm.
Answer
D · C5 to T1
2.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Axillary nerve
Why this is the answer
The axillary nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus. It supplies deltoid and teres minor and the skin over the lateral shoulder ("regimental badge" area).
Answer
C · Axillary nerve
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
Why this is the answer
Greater end-diastolic volume stretches the myocardium, which increases the force of contraction and the stroke volume, matching output to venous return.
Answer
A · Stroke volume rises when ventricular filling increases
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis
Why this is the answer
In restrictive disease the lungs are small or stiff, so both FEV1 and FVC fall but the ratio is preserved. Obstruction lowers FEV1 more than FVC.
Answer
C · A restrictive pattern, as in pulmonary fibrosis
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