Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Human anatomyMedium

Which cranial nerve controls movement of the tongue?

  1. AGlossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
  2. BHypoglossal nerve (XII)
  3. CVagus nerve (X)
  4. DFacial nerve (VII)
2.Human anatomyHard

Why does an inhaled foreign body more often lodge in the right main bronchus than the left?

  1. AThe right lung has stronger airflow due to the heart's position
  2. BThe right bronchus is narrower and more horizontal
  3. CThe right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical
  4. DThe left bronchus is closed by the epiglottis
3.Human physiologyMedium

Why is the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve S-shaped?

  1. ABinding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
  2. BOxygen dissolves better in plasma at high partial pressure
  3. CRed cells change size as they take up oxygen
  4. DHaemoglobin can bind only one oxygen molecule
4.Human physiologyHard

In a patient with primary hypothyroidism, you would expect:

  1. ALow TSH and high free T4
  2. BHigh TSH and high free T4
  3. CHigh TSH and low free T4
  4. DLow TSH and low free T4

2Solutions

1.Human anatomy

Answer: B · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Why this is the answer

The hypoglossal nerve supplies the intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles. A lesion makes the protruded tongue deviate towards the affected side.

Answer

B · Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
2.Human anatomy

Answer: C · The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical

Why this is the answer

The right main bronchus is wider, shorter and continues more directly in line with the trachea, so aspirated objects tend to fall into it.

Answer

C · The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical
3.Human physiology

Answer: A · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily

Why this is the answer

Haemoglobin shows cooperative binding: each bound O₂ increases the affinity of the remaining sites, giving a sigmoid curve.

Answer

A · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
4.Human physiology

Answer: C · High TSH and low free T4

Why this is the answer

When the thyroid fails, low T4 removes negative feedback and the pituitary raises TSH. Low TSH with low T4 would point to secondary (pituitary) hypothyroidism.

Answer

C · High TSH and low free T4

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