1.Human anatomyMedium
Which bone of the skull contains the foramen magnum?
- ASphenoid bone
- BTemporal bone
- COccipital bone
- DParietal bone
Anatomy and Physiology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Human anatomyHard
A footballer takes a blow to the outside of the planted knee. Which combination of injuries is classically called the "unhappy triad"?
- AAnterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
- BMedial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament and patella
- CPosterior cruciate ligament, lateral collateral ligament and lateral meniscus
- DAnterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament and patellar ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH?
- ACortisol
- BAldosterone, as the main response
- CAdrenaline
- DThyroxine
4.Human physiologyHard
A pulmonary embolus blocks blood flow to a well-ventilated region of lung. How does the ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) ratio of that region change?
- AIt stays normal because ventilation falls too
- BIt becomes low, like in pneumonia
- CIt becomes very high, acting as dead space
- DIt becomes zero, acting as a shunt
2Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Occipital bone
Why this is the answer
The foramen magnum is a large opening in the occipital bone through which the medulla oblongata continues as the spinal cord.
Answer
C · Occipital bone
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
Why this is the answer
A valgus force with rotation tears the MCL, the ACL and the medial meniscus, which is firmly attached to the MCL.
Answer
A · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Cortisol
Why this is the answer
ACTH from the anterior pituitary stimulates cortisol release from the zona fasciculata. Adrenaline comes from the adrenal medulla.
Answer
A · Cortisol
4.Human physiology
Answer: C · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
Why this is the answer
Ventilation without perfusion gives a very high V/Q ratio (dead space). A shunt, such as in pneumonia, is the opposite: perfusion without ventilation.
Answer
C · It becomes very high, acting as dead space
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