Biology: Genetics and Cell Biology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

New problemsBack to the course

In the print window, choose “Save as PDF” to keep a copy on your device.

1Formulas and methods

Genetics

Monohybrid cross (Aa × Aa)
genotypes 1 : 2 : 1, phenotypes 3 : 1
Dihybrid cross
phenotypes 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Hardy–Weinberg
p + q = 1, p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Independent genes
multiply the probabilities

2Practice problems

1.GeneticsMedium
♂♀Xh​YXh​XH​

haemophilia is X-linked recessive (allele h). A carrier mother, XHXh, has children with an affected father, XhY. The mother's gametes run down the side. Click the cell for an affected daughter.

♀ XHXh♂ XhY
  1. 1Xh × Xh
  2. 2Xh × Y
  3. 3XH × Xh
  4. 4XH × Y
2.GeneticsHard
♂ AaBb♀ AaBbaBAbabABabaBABAb

Two AaBb parents are crossed. Gene A gives yellow seeds (dominant) or green seeds; gene B gives purple flowers (dominant) or white flowers. Click the one cell for an offspring that is homozygous for yellow seeds and shows white flowers.

AaBb × AaBb
  1. 1ab × aB
  2. 2ab × Ab
  3. 3ab × ab
  4. 4ab × AB
  5. 5aB × aB
  6. 6aB × Ab
  7. 7aB × ab
  8. 8aB × AB
  9. 9AB × aB
  10. 10AB × Ab
  11. 11AB × ab
  12. 12AB × AB
  13. 13Ab × aB
  14. 14Ab × Ab
  15. 15Ab × ab
  16. 16Ab × AB
3.Cell biologyMedium

Apoptosis is:

  1. AUncontrolled cell division
  2. BCell fusion
  3. CProgrammed cell death
  4. DCell growth
4.Cell biologyHard

In the Meselson–Stahl experiment, bacteria grown in ¹⁵N were moved to ¹⁴N. After one round of replication all DNA formed one band of intermediate density. Which model did this rule out?

  1. ABoth semi-conservative and dispersive models
  2. BThe dispersive model
  3. CThe conservative model
  4. DThe semi-conservative model

3Solutions

1.Genetics

Answer: Xh × Xh

Punnett square: one parent's gametes run along the top, the other's down the side. Each cell joins the gamete above it with the gamete beside it, and every cell is equally likely. A recessive trait only shows when both alleles are recessive; for an X-linked trait, sons get their only X from the mother.

Fill the square

XhXh, XhY, XHXh, XHY

Find the cell

Xh × Xh = XhXh

Answer

Cell Xh × Xh → XhXh
2.Genetics

Answer: Ab × Ab

Punnett square: one parent's gametes run along the top, the other's down the side. Each cell joins the gamete above it with the gamete beside it, and every cell is equally likely. A recessive trait only shows when both alleles are recessive; for an X-linked trait, sons get their only X from the mother.

Genotype asked for

AAbb

Gametes

A homozygous genotype needs the same gamete from both parents, so only one cell in the 16 fits.

Ab × Ab = AAbb

Answer

Cell Ab × Ab → AAbb
3.Cell biology

Answer: C · Programmed cell death

Why this is the answer

Apoptosis removes damaged or unneeded cells in a controlled way via caspases; necrosis is uncontrolled death with inflammation.

Answer

C · Programmed cell death
4.Cell biology

Answer: C · The conservative model

Why this is the answer

Conservative replication would give separate heavy and light bands. The single hybrid band ruled it out; after the second generation, a light band appeared, which ruled out the dispersive model.

Answer

C · The conservative model

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/biology