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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which measure is an alternative to using a restraint?
ALocking a tray table against the resident's chest in the chair
BAsking the nurse for a sedative so the resident stays still
CTucking the sheets in so tightly that the resident cannot get up
DA regular toileting schedule and frequent checks
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident who usually eats all of her meals has eaten about 10% of her food today and is drinking very little. What should the nursing assistant do?
ARecord that she ate her usual amount, because it is only one day
BTell her she must finish her meal before leaving the table
CRemove the tray without recording anything
DRecord the amounts accurately and report the change to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 22:40 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
22:40
19:40 PM
210:40 PM
312:40 PM
410:40 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes ¾ cup of tea, 1 tbsp of liquid supplement, ½ tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · A regular toileting schedule and frequent checks
Why this is the answer
Many residents get up because they need the toilet, are in pain, bored or uncomfortable. Toileting schedules, frequent checks, activities, a low bed and alarms are alternatives. Tight sheets and a locked tray table are themselves restraints.
Answer
D · A regular toileting schedule and frequent checks
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Record the amounts accurately and report the change to the nurse
Why this is the answer
A sudden drop in intake can be the first sign of illness, pain, mouth problems, depression or dehydration. The nursing assistant records the real amounts and reports the change. Forcing food is not appropriate.
Answer
D · Record the amounts accurately and report the change to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 10:40 PM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
22 − 12 = 10 → PM
Answer
10:40 PM
Answer
10:40 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 197.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
¾ cup = 0.75·240 = 180 mL
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
Add
V = 180 + 15 + 2.5 = 197.5 mL
Answer
V = 197.5 mL
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