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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How does delirium differ from dementia?
ADelirium starts suddenly and is often reversible when the cause is treated
BDelirium only affects young people
CDelirium develops slowly over many years and can never be treated or reversed
DDelirium and dementia are two names for the same condition
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with dementia picks at her food and keeps walking away from the dining table. Which approach is most helpful?
ARestrain her in the chair until she finishes
BTake her tray away, because she is clearly not hungry today
COffer finger foods she can eat easily, even while walking
DFeed her quickly before she can stand up
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient is 180 cm tall. Using 1 in = 2.54 cm, find the height h in inches. Round to one decimal place.
180 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A prescription reads ½ tsp of an oral suspension every 6 hours for 7 days. The suspension comes in 150 mL bottles. Using 1 tsp = 5 mL, how many whole bottles N must be supplied so the course is complete?
½ tspevery 6 hours7 days150 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
N =
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Delirium starts suddenly and is often reversible when the cause is treated
Why this is the answer
Delirium is a sudden change in attention and thinking, often caused by infection, dehydration or medicines, and can improve when the cause is treated. Dementia develops gradually and is usually permanent.
Answer
A · Delirium starts suddenly and is often reversible when the cause is treated
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Offer finger foods she can eat easily, even while walking
Why this is the answer
Residents with dementia who wander may not sit through a meal. Finger foods such as sandwiches and cut fruit let them eat on the move and help maintain nutrition. Intake is recorded and the nurse informed.
Answer
C · Offer finger foods she can eat easily, even while walking
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: h = 70.9 in
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Centimetres to inches
h = 180/2.54 = 70.87 ≈ 70.9 in
Answer
h = 70.9 in
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: N = 1
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Total volume
2.5 mL × 4 × 7 = 70 mL
Bottles
70/150 = 0.4667 → N = 1
Answer
N = 1
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