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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which environment is most likely to calm a resident with dementia?
AA new room each week so the resident does not get bored
BA busy room with music, television and many visitors
CA changing schedule so each day is a surprise
DA quiet, familiar setting with a regular daily routine
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
While emptying an ostomy pouch, the nursing assistant notices that the stoma is dark purple-black. What should be done?
AReport it to the nurse immediately
BCover it with a gauze pad and tell the next shift
CApply a new pouch and check again tomorrow
DClean it with soap and water and record it
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A drip-rate calculation gives 71.395 gtt/min. The rule in this exercise is that drip rates are rounded to the nearest whole drop. What value x do you record?
71.395 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A blood glucose result is 14.1 mmol/L. Using 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL for glucose, find c in mg/dL to the nearest whole number.
14.1 mmol/L1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL
c = mg/dL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · A quiet, familiar setting with a regular daily routine
Why this is the answer
People with dementia cope best with a calm, familiar environment and a predictable routine. Noise, crowds and frequent change can cause confusion and agitation.
Answer
D · A quiet, familiar setting with a regular daily routine
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Report it to the nurse immediately
Why this is the answer
A healthy stoma is pink to red. A dark purple or black stoma can mean poor blood supply to the tissue and is reported to the nurse immediately.
Answer
A · Report it to the nurse immediately
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 71 gtt/min
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the ones place
71.395 → 1
Only the next digit decides
71.395 → 3
3 is 4 or less, so 1 stays.
The digits after it (95) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 71 gtt/min
Answer
x = 71 gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: c = 254 mg/dL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
c = 14.1·18 = 253.8 ≈ 254 mg/dL
Answer
c = 254 mg/dL
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