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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which behavior may show that a resident who cannot speak is in pain?
ASleeping quietly through the night
BGrimacing and guarding a body part
CLaughing at a television show
DEating all of a meal quickly
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with dementia walks into the hallway wearing only an incontinence brief. What should the nursing assistant do first?
ATell the resident firmly to go back to their room
BLeave the resident until the nurse can deal with it
CCall other staff to come and watch so the resident learns a lesson
DCover the resident and calmly guide them back to their room
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient is 4 ft 2 in tall. Using 1 ft = 12 in and 1 in = 2.54 cm, find the height h in centimetres, to the nearest whole centimetre.
4 ft 2 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 22:40 and finishes at 06:20 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many hours t did it run? Give the answer in hours as a decimal, rounded to two decimal places.
22:4006:20
t = h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Grimacing and guarding a body part
Why this is the answer
Nonverbal signs of pain include grimacing, moaning, guarding or rubbing a body part, restlessness and refusing to move. These signs are reported to the nurse.
Answer
B · Grimacing and guarding a body part
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Cover the resident and calmly guide them back to their room
Why this is the answer
The nursing assistant protects the resident's dignity and privacy immediately by covering them, and calmly guides them back. Scolding or exposing the resident is humiliating. The event is reported so the team can look for the reason, such as feeling hot or needing the toilet.
Answer
D · Cover the resident and calmly guide them back to their room
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: h = 127 cm
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Height in inches
4·12 + 2 = 50 in
Inches to centimetres
h = 50·2.54 = 127 cm
Answer
h = 127 cm
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 7.67 h
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
22:40 → 24:00 = 80 min
After midnight
00:00 → 06:20 = 380 min
Total
80 + 380 = 460 min
t = 460/60 = 7.667 ≈ 7.67 h
Answer
t = 7.67 h
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