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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A dying resident asks to see a priest. What should the nursing assistant do?
AAsk him to wait until his family visits next week
BSuggest that he talk to the nursing assistant instead
CTell the nurse so the visit can be arranged promptly
DTell him that religion is not allowed in the facility
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with an ileostomy has red, sore skin around the stoma. Why is the skin around an ileostomy at special risk?
AThe pouch is changed too often and pulls off the skin
BThe resident's skin is allergic to the stoma itself
CThe output is hard and dry and scrapes the skin as it passes
DIts liquid output contains enzymes that irritate the skin
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 9 lb 9 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
9 lb 9 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 19:35 and finishes at 06:25 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
19:3506:25
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Tell the nurse so the visit can be arranged promptly
Why this is the answer
Residents have the right to practice their religion. Requests for clergy are passed on promptly so the visit can be arranged, and privacy is given during the visit.
Answer
C · Tell the nurse so the visit can be arranged promptly
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Its liquid output contains enzymes that irritate the skin
Why this is the answer
Stool from the small intestine is liquid and contains digestive enzymes, which can quickly damage the skin. A well-fitting pouch, prompt emptying and reporting skin changes protect the skin.
Answer
D · Its liquid output contains enzymes that irritate the skin
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 4.35 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
9 oz/16 = 0.5625 lb
9 + 0.5625 = 9.563 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 9.563/2.2 = 4.347 ≈ 4.35 kg
Answer
m = 4.35 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 650 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
19:35 → 24:00 = 265 min
After midnight
00:00 → 06:25 = 385 min
Total
t = 265 + 385 = 650 min
Answer
t = 650 min
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