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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
While brushing a resident's teeth, the nursing assistant notices bleeding gums and a white sore on the tongue. What should be done?
ABrush harder to remove the white sore
BStop all mouth care until the sore heals
CUse a mouthwash and say nothing
DReport the observations to the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident has severe osteoporosis. Which practice is most important during her care?
AMove her quickly to finish care in less time
BMove and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
CKeep her in bed at all times so her bones rest
DEncourage her to lift heavy objects each day to build bone strength
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A weight conversion gives 44.2939 kg. The rule in this exercise is that weights are rounded to the nearest tenth of a kilogram. What value x do you record?
44.2939 kg
x = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 17:45 and finishes at 05:15 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
17:4505:15
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Report the observations to the nurse
Why this is the answer
Bleeding, sores, white patches or loose teeth can be signs of infection or other problems. They are reported to the nurse. Mouth care continues gently as the care plan directs.
Answer
D · Report the observations to the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Move and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
Why this is the answer
Osteoporosis makes bones porous and fragile, so they can break with little force. Gentle handling, enough staff, lift sheets and fall prevention protect her. Activity as ordered still helps keep bones and muscles strong.
Answer
B · Move and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 44.3 kg
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the tenths place
44.2939 → 2
Only the next digit decides
44.2939 → 9
9 is 5 or more, so round 2 up.
The digits after it (39) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 44.3 kg
Answer
x = 44.3 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 690 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
17:45 → 24:00 = 375 min
After midnight
00:00 → 05:15 = 315 min
Total
t = 375 + 315 = 690 min
Answer
t = 690 min
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