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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident who is walking with a nursing assistant starts to fall. What should the nursing assistant do?
ATry to hold the resident upright at all costs
BWiden the stance, hold the gait belt and ease them to the floor
CGrab the resident under the arms and quickly lift them back to standing
DLet go and step back to avoid being injured
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident's blood pressure is usually about 128/80 mmHg. Today the nursing assistant measures 172/104 mmHg. What should the nursing assistant do?
ARecord it and check it again tomorrow
BGive the resident extra fluids and recheck in an hour
CReport the reading to the nurse promptly
DTell the resident to relax and not record the reading
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A drip-rate calculation gives 43.873 gtt/min. The rule in this exercise is that drip rates are rounded to the nearest whole drop. What value x do you record?
43.873 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 23:50 and finishes at 05:15 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
23:5005:15
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Widen the stance, hold the gait belt and ease them to the floor
Why this is the answer
Pull the resident close using the gait belt, let them slide down along your leg and protect the head. Then stay with the resident, call for the nurse and do not move them until the nurse has checked them.
Answer
B · Widen the stance, hold the gait belt and ease them to the floor
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Report the reading to the nurse promptly
Why this is the answer
A reading far above the resident's usual value must be reported promptly so the nurse can assess the resident. The nursing assistant may recheck if policy allows, but must not delay reporting or leave the value out of the record.
Answer
C · Report the reading to the nurse promptly
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 44 gtt/min
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the ones place
43.873 → 3
Only the next digit decides
43.873 → 8
8 is 5 or more, so round 3 up.
The digits after it (73) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 44 gtt/min
Answer
x = 44 gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 325 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
23:50 → 24:00 = 10 min
After midnight
00:00 → 05:15 = 315 min
Total
t = 10 + 315 = 325 min
Answer
t = 325 min
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