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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident refuses a shower. What should the nursing assistant do?
AGive the shower anyway, because it is on the care plan
BRespect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
CAsk the family to persuade the resident to agree
DSkip the shower without telling anyone
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
During a shift a resident voids 350 mL and then 200 mL, and vomits 150 mL. What total output is recorded?
A500 mL
B850 mL
C550 mL
D700 mL
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient is 5 ft 10 in tall. Using 1 ft = 12 in and 1 in = 2.54 cm, find the height h in centimetres, to the nearest whole centimetre.
5 ft 10 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A blood glucose result is 58 mg/dL. Using 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL for glucose, find c in mmol/L. Round to one decimal place.
58 mg/dL1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL
c = mmol/L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Respect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
Why this is the answer
Residents may refuse care. The nursing assistant asks why (pain, cold, fear, preference), offers alternatives such as a bed bath or another time, and reports the refusal so the nurse can follow up. Forcing care can be abuse.
Answer
B · Respect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · 700 mL
Why this is the answer
Output includes urine, vomit (emesis), liquid stool and drainage. Here 350 + 200 + 150 = 700 mL. The vomiting is also reported to the nurse.
Answer
D · 700 mL
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: h = 178 cm
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Height in inches
5·12 + 10 = 70 in
Inches to centimetres
h = 70·2.54 = 177.8 ≈ 178 cm
Answer
h = 178 cm
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: c = 3.2 mmol/L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
c = 58/18 = 3.222 ≈ 3.2 mmol/L
Answer
c = 3.2 mmol/L
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