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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When applying a condom catheter, what is important?
ALeave the same catheter on for a whole week
BLeave space at the tip and never wrap tape tightly around the penis
CApply it as tightly as possible so that urine cannot leak out
DSecure it with regular adhesive tape wrapped around the base
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident is pale, sweaty and confused, with a fast, weak pulse and low blood pressure. What should the nursing assistant do?
AGive the resident a hot drink and leave
BCall the nurse immediately and keep the resident lying down and warm
CHelp the resident walk to improve circulation
DSit the resident in a chair and check the vital signs again in an hour
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 7 lb 9 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
7 lb 9 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A serum creatinine result is 2.8 mg/dL. Using 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L for creatinine, find c in µmol/L to the nearest whole number.
2.8 mg/dL1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = µmol/L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Leave space at the tip and never wrap tape tightly around the penis
Why this is the answer
A condom catheter is applied with space at the tip to prevent irritation, and secured only with the special elastic strip in a spiral, never tight tape. The skin is checked for redness, swelling or irritation.
Answer
B · Leave space at the tip and never wrap tape tightly around the penis
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Call the nurse immediately and keep the resident lying down and warm
Why this is the answer
Pale, cool, clammy skin, confusion, a fast weak pulse and low blood pressure suggest shock, an emergency. The nursing assistant calls for the nurse, keeps the resident lying down and warm, and stays with them.
Answer
B · Call the nurse immediately and keep the resident lying down and warm
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.44 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
9 oz/16 = 0.5625 lb
7 + 0.5625 = 7.563 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 7.563/2.2 = 3.437 ≈ 3.44 kg
Answer
m = 3.44 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: c = 248 µmol/L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
c = 2.8·88.4 = 247.5 ≈ 248 µmol/L
Answer
c = 248 µmol/L
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