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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Why does the nursing assistant report to the nurse at the end of a shift?
ASo the team knows about care given and any changes in residents
BBecause reporting during the shift is not allowed
CSo the nurse can complete the nursing assistant's paperwork
DSo the nurse can decide whether the nursing assistant may go home
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident who sits in a wheelchair most of the day cannot shift her weight. Which plan protects her skin?
ALeave her in one position all day if she says she is comfortable sitting that way
BSeat her on a donut-shaped ring cushion
CMassage her tailbone firmly every few hours
DHelp her shift her weight or reposition her often, as the care plan directs
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 10 lb 7 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
10 lb 7 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A serum creatinine result is 91 µmol/L. Using 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L for creatinine, find c in mg/dL. Round to two decimal places.
91 µmol/L1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = mg/dL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · So the team knows about care given and any changes in residents
Why this is the answer
End-of-shift reporting passes on what care was given and any changes, so the next shift can continue care safely. Urgent changes are reported right away, not saved for the end of the shift.
Answer
A · So the team knows about care given and any changes in residents
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Help her shift her weight or reposition her often, as the care plan directs
Why this is the answer
Sitting puts heavy pressure on the tailbone and buttocks, so frequent repositioning as directed is essential. Ring cushions can reduce blood flow to the surrounding tissue, and massaging bony areas can damage tissue.
Answer
D · Help her shift her weight or reposition her often, as the care plan directs
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 4.74 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
7 oz/16 = 0.4375 lb
10 + 0.4375 = 10.44 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 10.44/2.2 = 4.744 ≈ 4.74 kg
Answer
m = 4.74 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: c = 1.03 mg/dL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
c = 91/88.4 = 1.029 ≈ 1.03 mg/dL
Answer
c = 1.03 mg/dL
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