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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident with schizophrenia says the television is sending him secret messages. What is the best response?
AArgue with him calmly until he admits that the messages are not real
BLaugh to show him the idea is silly
CAgree that the television is sending him messages, so that he feels understood
DStay calm, don't argue, and say you don't hear messages but see he is worried
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident's catheter bag has only about 50 mL of dark urine after the whole shift; usually it holds about 600 mL. What should the nursing assistant do first?
AEncourage the resident to drink and recheck at the next shift
BDisconnect the tubing to see whether urine flows freely
CRecord the amount as usual without reporting it
DCheck that the tubing is not kinked or under the resident, then report to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 08:30 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
08:30
110:30 AM
28:30 PM
38:30 AM
47:30 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An order reads 0.5 mcg/kg/min for a patient who weighs 60 kg. Express the dose rate D in mg/h. Round to two decimal places.
0.5 mcg/kg/min60 kg
D = mg/h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Stay calm, don't argue, and say you don't hear messages but see he is worried
Why this is the answer
Arguing with a delusion increases distress, and agreeing reinforces it. A calm, honest response that focuses on the resident's feelings helps, and the nursing assistant reports what he said to the nurse.
Answer
D · Stay calm, don't argue, and say you don't hear messages but see he is worried
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Check that the tubing is not kinked or under the resident, then report to the nurse
Why this is the answer
A kink or a resident lying on the tubing can stop drainage, so the nursing assistant checks the tubing and the bag position. Very low or dark output is still reported to the nurse promptly. The closed system is never disconnected.
Answer
D · Check that the tubing is not kinked or under the resident, then report to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 8:30 AM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
08 → 8 AM
Answer
8:30 AM
Answer
8:30 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: D = 1.8 mg/h
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Set up the chain
D = 0.5 mcg/kg/min × 60 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
Calculate
D = 0.5·60·60/1000 = 1.8 mg/h
Answer
D = 1.8 mg/h
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