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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident wears a nasal cannula. Where should the nursing assistant check for skin irritation?
AOn the back of the hands
BBehind the ears and around the nostrils
COn the soles of the feet and the heels
DUnder the arms and around the neck
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with a new cough is going to the dining room. Which advice helps prevent spread of infection?
ACough into the hands, then wipe them on the clothes to dry them
BSit very close to others to stay warm
CCover coughs with a tissue or elbow, then clean the hands
DCough freely without covering, because covering traps the germs
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 5 lb 13 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
5 lb 13 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A prescription reads ½ tsp of an oral suspension every 12 hours for 10 days. The suspension comes in 150 mL bottles. Using 1 tsp = 5 mL, how many whole bottles N must be supplied so the course is complete?
½ tspevery 12 hours10 days150 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
N =
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Behind the ears and around the nostrils
Why this is the answer
Cannula tubing presses on the skin behind the ears, on the cheeks and in and around the nostrils. These areas can become sore and are checked often, with any irritation reported.
Answer
B · Behind the ears and around the nostrils
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Cover coughs with a tissue or elbow, then clean the hands
Why this is the answer
Covering coughs and sneezes, throwing tissues away and cleaning the hands reduce the spread of respiratory germs. A new cough is reported, because the nurse may decide on precautions or a mask.
Answer
C · Cover coughs with a tissue or elbow, then clean the hands
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 2.64 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
13 oz/16 = 0.8125 lb
5 + 0.8125 = 5.813 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 5.813/2.2 = 2.642 ≈ 2.64 kg
Answer
m = 2.64 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: N = 1
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Total volume
2.5 mL × 2 × 10 = 50 mL
Bottles
50/150 = 0.3333 → N = 1
Answer
N = 1
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