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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which position often makes breathing easier for a resident with COPD who is short of breath?
ALying on the stomach
BSitting up and leaning forward over an overbed table
CLying with the head lower than the feet
DLying flat on the back without a pillow under the head
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident's pulse was 72 at 0800, 88 at 1200 and 118 at 1600, and she feels warm. What should the nursing assistant do?
ARecord only the last pulse, since it is the newest reading
BReport the rising pulse and her warm skin to the nurse
CWait until 2000 to see if the pulse comes down
DReport only the 0800 pulse, which was normal
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 07:50 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
07:50
16:50 AM
29:50 AM
37:50 AM
47:50 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 4 tbsp of liquid supplement, 2 fl oz of juice, ½ cup of tea, 1 tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Sitting up and leaning forward over an overbed table
Why this is the answer
Sitting up and leaning forward on a padded overbed table lets the chest expand more fully and makes breathing easier for many residents with lung disease.
Answer
B · Sitting up and leaning forward over an overbed table
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Report the rising pulse and her warm skin to the nurse
Why this is the answer
A steadily rising pulse that is now above 100, with warm skin, may mean fever, infection or another problem. Trends are important and are reported to the nurse promptly.
Answer
B · Report the rising pulse and her warm skin to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 7:50 AM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
07 → 7 AM
Answer
7:50 AM
Answer
7:50 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 245 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
4 tbsp = 4·15 = 60 mL
2 fl oz = 2·30 = 60 mL
½ cup = 0.5·240 = 120 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
Add
V = 60 + 60 + 120 + 5 = 245 mL
Answer
V = 245 mL
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