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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident with dementia asks the same question many times. What should the nursing assistant do?
AIgnore the question until she stops asking
BAnswer calmly each time, using the same simple words
CRemind her she has already asked several times
DTell her to write the answer down and stop asking
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
After a fall, a resident has severe hip pain, and one leg looks shorter and turned outward. What should the nursing assistant do?
AStraighten the leg to make her comfortable
BKeep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away
CLift her into bed with another nursing assistant so she is comfortable
DHelp her stand to see if she can walk
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 7 lb 4 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
7 lb 4 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A haemoglobin result is 152 g/L. Express it in g/dL Hb.
152 g/L1 L = 10 dL
Hb = g/dL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Answer calmly each time, using the same simple words
Why this is the answer
Memory loss means the resident may not remember the earlier answer. Patiently answering in the same calm, simple way, or gently redirecting her, reduces frustration. Pointing out the repetition can cause embarrassment.
Answer
B · Answer calmly each time, using the same simple words
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Keep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away
Why this is the answer
A shortened, outwardly rotated leg with hip pain suggests a hip fracture. Moving the resident can cause more injury, so she is kept still and comfortable while the nurse assesses her.
Answer
B · Keep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.3 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
4 oz/16 = 0.25 lb
7 + 0.25 = 7.25 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 7.25/2.2 = 3.295 ≈ 3.3 kg
Answer
m = 3.3 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: Hb = 15.2 g/dL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
Hb = 152 g/L × (1 L/10 dL) = 15.2 g/dL
Answer
Hb = 15.2 g/dL
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