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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
During passive range-of-motion exercises, the resident says the movement hurts. What should the nursing assistant do?
AContinue gently, because some pain is normal
BStop the movement and report it to the nurse
CMove the joint further to stretch it out
DRepeat the movement faster so it is over sooner
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident has had hip replacement surgery. Which instruction is commonly part of the care plan?
AAvoid crossing the legs and use an abduction pillow if ordered
BKeep the legs tightly together with the knees touching
CHave the resident sit in low, soft chairs so that the hip can rest
DLet the resident bend forward to pick things up from the floor
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 38.2 °C. Convert it to degrees Fahrenheit T with °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Round to one decimal place.
38.2 °C
T = °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes ¾ cup of tea, ½ fl oz of juice, 4 tbsp of liquid supplement, 1 tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Stop the movement and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
Each joint is moved gently only as far as it goes without pain or resistance. If the resident has pain, stop and report it to the nurse.
Answer
B · Stop the movement and report it to the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Avoid crossing the legs and use an abduction pillow if ordered
Why this is the answer
After many hip replacements, crossing the legs, bending the hip too far and turning the leg inward can dislocate the joint; the exact limits depend on the type of surgery. An abduction pillow keeps the legs apart, and raised toilet seats and firm chairs limit bending. The care plan gives the exact precautions.
Answer
A · Avoid crossing the legs and use an abduction pillow if ordered
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 100.8 °F
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Multiply by 9/5
38.2·9/5 = 68.76
Add 32
T = 68.76 + 32 = 100.8 °F
Answer
T = 100.8 °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 260 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
¾ cup = 0.75·240 = 180 mL
½ fl oz = 0.5·30 = 15 mL
4 tbsp = 4·15 = 60 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
Add
V = 180 + 15 + 60 + 5 = 260 mL
Answer
V = 260 mL
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