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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
What is "sundowning" in a resident with dementia?
ASleeping most of the day and staying awake all night by choice
BA skin reaction after time spent outside in the sun
CMore confusion and agitation late in the day
DA drop in blood pressure that happens only at night
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with dementia refuses to take off her soiled dress and becomes upset each time the nursing assistant asks. What is the best approach?
ATell her that she smells and must change now
BLeave her in the soiled dress for the whole day
CStop, try again later, and offer a similar clean dress she likes
DRemove the dress quickly while she is upset, to get it over with
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose calculation for a small injection gives 0.42898 mL. The rule in this exercise is that volumes below 1 mL are rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mL. What value x do you record?
0.42898 mL
x = mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion delivers 4 mcg/min. Express this dose rate D in mg/h.
4 mcg/min1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg
D = mg/h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · More confusion and agitation late in the day
Why this is the answer
Sundowning is increased confusion, agitation or wandering later in the day. A calm environment, good lighting, a predictable routine, limiting caffeine and planning activities earlier in the day can help.
Answer
C · More confusion and agitation late in the day
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Stop, try again later, and offer a similar clean dress she likes
Why this is the answer
For a resident with dementia, stopping and returning later with a calm approach, and offering a familiar choice, often leads to cooperation. Her dignity and skin need attention, so repeated refusal is reported.
Answer
C · Stop, try again later, and offer a similar clean dress she likes
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 0.43 mL
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the hundredths place
0.42898 → 2
Only the next digit decides
0.42898 → 8
8 is 5 or more, so round 2 up.
The digits after it (98) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 0.43 mL
Answer
x = 0.43 mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: D = 0.24 mg/h
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Set up the chain
D = 4 mcg/min × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
Calculate
D = 4·60/1000 = 0.24 mg/h
Answer
D = 0.24 mg/h
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